https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Embellamy 2026-04-07T15:36:23Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.39.7 https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Sharnberry_Mine:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37957 2017-01-05T15:03:54Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.6585727, -1.9324573999999756<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Adit at Sharnberry mine.jpg<br /> |Picture description=Adit at Sharnberry mine<br /> |Project summary=The Sharnberry mine is at the far eastern edge of the North Pennine orefield, in the Pennine Moors between the River Wear and River Tees. The mine was worked for Fluorspar until it closed in 1982, leaving spoil deposits and an adit which discharges to the Euden Beck - a tributary of the Bedburn Beck and River Wear.<br /> <br /> Our routine monitoring found there were high levels of zinc in the Bedburn Beck where it joins the River Wear. These high zinc levels exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for the Bedburn Beck, meaning that the watercourse (four water bodies) isn't achieving the 'good status' for water quality that is set out in our Northumbria River Basin Plan. We discovered that the Sharnberry Mine Adit is the main source of the zinc and other heavy metals such as cadmium and lead, and is discharging these pollutants into the Euden Beck and causing pollution up to 15 km downstream in the Bedburn Beck. We recently carried out an ecological survey of the Euden Beck and found the aquatic life was suffering as a result of these heavy metals, which can settle in river sediments.<br /> <br /> We're continuing to investigate and monitor the water quality in the Bedburn Beck and its tributaries, and we've set up a partnership with the Coal Authority and the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership (AONB) to look at options for removing the metals from the Sharnberry mine discharge to improve the water quality of the surrounding watercourses. Newcastle University are carrying out trials of treatment technologies which we could use to remove the heavy metals from the Sharnberry mine discharge, preventing the problem at the source and helping the Bedburn Beck to meet the EQS and return to 'good' ecological status.<br /> <br />  Euden Beck and Bedburn Beck both fail their EQS for zinc. Immediately downstream of the mine the zinc concentrations are up to 110 times the EQS. Fifteen kilometres downstream of the mine in the Bedburn Beck, zinc is five times the EQS.<br />  In times of low flow the Sharnberry mine is contributing more zinc than reaches the River Wear, indicating metals are being retained in the river sediments.<br />  When the river flows increase, a greater load of metals reaches the end of the catchment. Additional metals are being washed in with rainfall from spoil deposits and from mobilising the metals previously retained within the river sediments.<br />  Treatment of the mine discharge to remove the metals could enable 15km of river to pass the EQS and four waterbodies to be returned to good ecological status.<br /> <br /> Impact of the minewater discharge:<br />  15km length of watercourse affected (four water bodies)<br />  Average metal concentration of Zinc = 1.8 mg/l, Cadmium = 3.2 ug/l<br />  Average flow is 12 l/sec<br />  Load of zinc discharged per annum = 700 kg<br />  Water body ecological status/potential is Moderate<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br />  The River Wear will be protected from a major pollution source<br />  We're developing partnerships with important stakeholders and using our position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards WFD Good Ecological status compliance in four waterbodies<br />  700kg of zinc would be prevented from entering R Wear every year<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Bedburn Beck from Source to Euden Beck<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB103024072700<br /> |WFD water body name=Bedburn Beck from Source to Euden Beck<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Adit_at_Sharnberry_mine.jpg&diff=37956 2017-01-05T15:00:08Z

<p>Embellamy: Adit at the Sharnberry mine</p> <hr /> <div>Adit at the Sharnberry mine</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Rookhope_Burn:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37955 2017-01-05T14:52:32Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.76923009999999, -2.1314678999999614<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Rookhope rispey mine breakout.jpg<br /> |Picture description=Breakout near Rispey mine<br /> |Project summary=The Rookhope Burn is in the North Pennine orefield, and mining has been carried out in the valley for over 200 years - mainly for lead and fluorspar along with small deposits of copper and iron. This has left a legacy of mine water drainage adits and spoil heaps throughout the area. The last working fluorspar mine in the north of England, at Grove Rake, closed in 1999. In 2007, a new mine water breakout occurred, thought to be due to a blockage within the Tail Race level, which drains the abandoned mines further up the valley. This caused a large hole and a new discharge near to the old Rispey mine.<br /> <br /> Water quality monitoring by the Environment Agency found there were high concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in the Rookhope Burn where it joins the River Wear. These high metal levels damage river life (insects and fish) and exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for the Rookhope Burn, meaning that the watercourse isn't achieving the 'good status' for water quality that is set out in our Northumbria River Basin Plan. We found there are inputs of metals from disused adits and diffuse sources along the whole length of the Rookhope Burn but the largest single source is from the new breakout, which if cleaned up could improve over 8km of river. Fish surveys carried out by the Environment Agency in 2009 found reasonably good numbers of brown trout in the upper reaches of the Rookhope Burn and downstream of Rookhope Village but very poor numbers in the middle section - this was attributed to the impact of the Rispey mine discharge.<br /> <br /> We're continuing to investigate and monitor the water quality in the Rookhope Burn, and with funding from Defra we set up a partnership with the Coal Authority and the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership (AONB) to look at options for removing the metals from the Rispey discharge to improve the water quality of the watercourse. Newcastle University are carrying out trials of treatment technologies which we could use to remove the heavy metals from the Rispey discharge, preventing the problem at the source and helping the Rookhope Burn to meet the EQS and return to 'good' ecological status.<br /> <br /> • The Rookhope Burn fails its EQS for cadmium, lead and zinc.<br /> • In times of low flow the Rispey discharge is contributing more zinc than reaches the River Wear indicating metals are being retained in the river sediments.<br /> • When the river flows increase, a greater load of metals reaches the end of the catchment than enters the Rookhope Burn from the Rispey discharge. Additional metals are being washed into the river from mining spoil by rainfall, and from mobilising the metals previously retained within the river sediments.<br /> • Treating the mine water discharge to remove the metals could enable 8km of river to pass the EQS and help the waterbody improve to good ecological and chemical status.<br /> <br /> Impact of the minewater discharge<br /> • Length of watercourse affected is 8km (one water body)<br /> • Average metal concentration: Zinc 1.5 mg/l<br /> Cadmium 1.5 ug/l<br /> • Average flow 35 l/sec<br /> • Load of zinc discharged per annum 1.5 Tonnes<br /> • Water body ecological status is Moderate<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> • The River Wear will be protected from a major pollution source<br /> • We are using compelling evidence to drive our decisions<br /> • We are developing partnerships with important stakeholders and using our position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br /> • Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical status<br /> • 1.5 Tonnes of zinc would be prevented from entering River Wear every year<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Rookhope Burn from Source to Wear<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB103024077530<br /> |WFD water body name=Rookhope Burn from Source to Wear<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Rookhope_rispey_mine_breakout.jpg&diff=37954 2017-01-05T14:51:01Z

<p>Embellamy: Breakout near Rispey mine</p> <hr /> <div>Breakout near Rispey mine</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:River_Seaton:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37953 2017-01-05T13:38:28Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.514, -4.453999999999951<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Waste tips South Caradon.jpg<br /> |Picture description=Waste tips at South Caradon mine<br /> |Project summary=The Seaton catchment is heavily impacted by historic mining activity throughout its entire length, but especially in the upper reaches around South Caradon mine. The mine is located on the South Eastern edge of Bodmin Moor in South East Cornwall. It is cut through by the River Seaton which is fed by groundwater as well as surface runoff during heavy rain events. Ore processing at South Caradon mine started in 1838, at which time the mine covered most of the south side of Caradon Hill, and finished in 1890. When South Caradon finally closed it left miners with no prospects of work anywhere else in the Duchy. Many went to England to find work in factories or coal mines, but large numbers emigrated to work metal mines all around the world. <br /> From the remains on the site and documented history, it is known that the processing of material from the mine shafts was carried out within the River Seaton valley. River water from the Seaton was used in the separation process, and waste water with a high concentration of metal solutes, sand, and silt-sized particles, was discharged directly into the River Seaton. Processing of Cu bearing ore at South Caradon mine involved the heating, pulverizing and dissolving of metals and their compounds, resulting in release of Cu and Zn into the surrounding environment. The legacy of these processes is a proliferation of tips, disused shafts and 3 adit discharges which between them contribute high levels of Zinc, Copper and Cadmium to the river. <br /> When water quality and flow data are combined, it is evident that the most important sources of Cu, Cd and Zn contamination in the River Seaton are Jopes Adit, and the ‘3 Adit Streams’ . Although the 3 Adit Streams discharge from beneath a rock tip, the chemistry results indicate that the 3 Adit Streams and Jopes Adit discharges are related in terms of source. Tip run-off is an additional significant source of Cu, Cd and Zn entering the main stream, particularly in prolonged heavy rain conditions. The site is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY (http://apps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/139297.aspx) since the wastes cause more than 500 metres of the river to be polluted. <br /> Most of the mine site is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) since the high metal concentrations in the soil support specialised flora of rare mosses and liverworts. This is one of two sites in the world where the Cornish path-moss occurs. The Caradon Mining District is part of the CORNISH MINING WORLD HERITAGE site (http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/areas-places-activities/caradon-mining-district). <br /> IMPACT OF THE JOPES ADIT DISCHARGE Length of watercourse affected - 17km. Average metal concentration in the mine water: Zinc 510ug/l; Copper 1180ug/l; Cadmium 1.5ug/l. Average flow - 56 l/sec. Load of Zinc discharged per day - 2.5 kg. Load of Copper discharged per day - 5.8 kg. Water body ecological status Poor.<br /> WFD Compliance The whole river length from headwaters to tidal limit is non-compliant with Water Framework Directive Standards for copper. For zinc and cadmium at least 4.5km of river are non-compliant with the WFD standards. The WFD monitoring site at Hendra Bridge is below all the main impacts and most recent mean levels here are: Cd 0.185ug/l (EQS = 0.08); Cu 75ug/l (EQS =1); Zn 67ug/l (EQS = 8). <br /> All these are non-compliant with copper being approximately 75 times the standard for good status, whilst cadmium (a Priority Hazardous Substance under the WFD) concentrations are double the amount needed to achieve good status. <br /> BENEFITS OF REMEDIATION The River Seaton will be protected from a major pollution source. Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical status. 912 kg of Zinc and 2,100 kg of Copper would be prevented from entering the River Seaton every year.<br /> The Environment Agency is working with the Coal Authority to develop remedial options to address the pollution and return the river to good status. At the current time (August 2014), we are not able to say when we will be able to start work on cleaning up the river.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Jopes Adit.jpg<br /> |Caption=Jopes Adit, South Caradon mine<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=River Seaton<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB108048002320<br /> |WFD water body name=River Seaton<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Jopes_Adit.jpg&diff=37952 2017-01-05T13:38:13Z

<p>Embellamy: Jopes Adit, South Caradon mine</p> <hr /> <div>Jopes Adit, South Caradon mine</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:River_Seaton:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37951 2017-01-05T13:37:09Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.514, -4.453999999999951<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Waste tips South Caradon.jpg<br /> |Picture description=Waste tips at South Caradon mine<br /> |Project summary=The Seaton catchment is heavily impacted by historic mining activity throughout its entire length, but especially in the upper reaches around South Caradon mine. The mine is located on the South Eastern edge of Bodmin Moor in South East Cornwall. It is cut through by the River Seaton which is fed by groundwater as well as surface runoff during heavy rain events. Ore processing at South Caradon mine started in 1838, at which time the mine covered most of the south side of Caradon Hill, and finished in 1890. When South Caradon finally closed it left miners with no prospects of work anywhere else in the Duchy. Many went to England to find work in factories or coal mines, but large numbers emigrated to work metal mines all around the world. <br /> From the remains on the site and documented history, it is known that the processing of material from the mine shafts was carried out within the River Seaton valley. River water from the Seaton was used in the separation process, and waste water with a high concentration of metal solutes, sand, and silt-sized particles, was discharged directly into the River Seaton. Processing of Cu bearing ore at South Caradon mine involved the heating, pulverizing and dissolving of metals and their compounds, resulting in release of Cu and Zn into the surrounding environment. The legacy of these processes is a proliferation of tips, disused shafts and 3 adit discharges which between them contribute high levels of Zinc, Copper and Cadmium to the river. <br /> When water quality and flow data are combined, it is evident that the most important sources of Cu, Cd and Zn contamination in the River Seaton are Jopes Adit, and the ‘3 Adit Streams’ . Although the 3 Adit Streams discharge from beneath a rock tip, the chemistry results indicate that the 3 Adit Streams and Jopes Adit discharges are related in terms of source. Tip run-off is an additional significant source of Cu, Cd and Zn entering the main stream, particularly in prolonged heavy rain conditions. The site is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY (http://apps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/139297.aspx) since the wastes cause more than 500 metres of the river to be polluted. <br /> Most of the mine site is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) since the high metal concentrations in the soil support specialised flora of rare mosses and liverworts. This is one of two sites in the world where the Cornish path-moss occurs. The Caradon Mining District is part of the CORNISH MINING WORLD HERITAGE site (http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/areas-places-activities/caradon-mining-district). <br /> IMPACT OF THE JOPES ADIT DISCHARGE Length of watercourse affected - 17km. Average metal concentration in the mine water: Zinc 510ug/l; Copper 1180ug/l; Cadmium 1.5ug/l. Average flow - 56 l/sec. Load of Zinc discharged per day - 2.5 kg. Load of Copper discharged per day - 5.8 kg. Water body ecological status Poor.<br /> WFD Compliance The whole river length from headwaters to tidal limit is non-compliant with Water Framework Directive Standards for copper. For zinc and cadmium at least 4.5km of river are non-compliant with the WFD standards. The WFD monitoring site at Hendra Bridge is below all the main impacts and most recent mean levels here are: Cd 0.185ug/l (EQS = 0.08); Cu 75ug/l (EQS =1); Zn 67ug/l (EQS = 8). <br /> All these are non-compliant with copper being approximately 75 times the standard for good status, whilst cadmium (a Priority Hazardous Substance under the WFD) concentrations are double the amount needed to achieve good status. <br /> BENEFITS OF REMEDIATION The River Seaton will be protected from a major pollution source. Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical status. 912 kg of Zinc and 2,100 kg of Copper would be prevented from entering the River Seaton every year.<br /> The Environment Agency is working with the Coal Authority to develop remedial options to address the pollution and return the river to good status. At the current time (August 2014), we are not able to say when we will be able to start work on cleaning up the river.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=River Seaton<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB108048002320<br /> |WFD water body name=River Seaton<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Waste_tips_South_Caradon.jpg&diff=37950 2017-01-05T13:36:12Z

<p>Embellamy: Waste tips at South Caradon mine</p> <hr /> <div>Waste tips at South Caradon mine</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:The_Red_River:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37949 2017-01-05T11:21:00Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.2302983, -5.30518219999999<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Dolcoath Mine Red River.png<br /> |Picture description=Dolcoath Mine circa. 1890<br /> |Project summary=The Red River catchment is made up of three waterbodies - the Upper and Lower Red River and the Roseworthy Stream. The river drains a relatively small but intensively mined area of south-west Cornwall. Unlike many of the rivers impacted by metal mines in Cornwall, the Red River is affected not only by the legacy of historic mining throughout the catchment, but also, in the lower catchment, by more recent workings from South Crofty Tin Mine. Whereas most metal mines in Cornwall had ceased working by the early 1900's, 'Crofty' didn't close until 1998 and the site owner, Western United Mines' went into administration in June 2013. However, in July 2016 the Canadian firm Strongbow Exploration Inc acquired the rights to South Crofty, carrying out water treatment tests over winter as the mine will need de-watering. <br /> <br /> Historic water quality data shows that Red River waters were severely affected by local mining activities between 1980 and 1998. In particular, waters arising from the South Crofty site during this period contained very high levels of particulate metal pollutants such as iron, zinc, copper and cadmium. The closure of South Crofty mine in 1998 resulted in a significant decrease in total metal concentrations downstream from the working site, although elevated levels of metals continue to arise from waters draining through historic mine workings such as the Treskillard Stream and Dolcoath deep adit discharge. In contrast to these improvements in river water quality, the closure and flooding of South Crofty mine (1998-2000) resulted in significant deterioration in the quality of Red River waters flowing downstream past Roscroggan portal (the Dolcoath adit discharge). Water quality data for the discharge, via Roscroggan portal, show that very high peaks in metal contaminant concentrations (along with additional flows) coincided with the decant of South Crofty mine waters in early November 2000.<br /> <br /> More recent work has shown that the upper catchment is dominated by elevated copper from the Treskillard stream which drains abandoned mines from the south east of Camborne, and that under wet weather conditions there are additional inputs from tips and spoil heaps. In terms of impacts, in the Treskillard stream concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd have been found to be 163ug/L, 363ug/L and 0.42ug/L respectively, with annual load of Zn of 230kg and Cu of 442kg. For the Dolcoath Adit the concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd are 766ug/L, 23ug/L and 1.42ug/L respectively. The annual load of Zn is 3,400kg, and 106kg Cu.<br /> <br />  Waterbody ecological status is Moderate<br />  Length of watercourse affected is 12km<br />  Water quality at WFD point (Gwithian) (ug/l): Zn = 196 (EQS = 75); Cu = 11.8 (EQS = 10); Cd = 0.28 (EQS = 0.15)<br />  Likely bioavailable EQS at Gwithian (ug/l): Zn = 16; Cu = 7<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Red River (Upper)<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB108049000600<br /> |WFD water body name=Red River (Upper)<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:The_Red_River:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37948 2017-01-05T10:20:46Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.2302983, -5.30518219999999<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Dolcoath Mine Red River.png<br /> |Picture description=Dolcoath Mine circa. 1890<br /> |Project summary=The Red River catchment is made up of three waterbodies - the Upper and Lower Red River and the Roseworthy Stream. The river drains a relatively small but intensively mined area of south-west Cornwall. Unlike many of the rivers impacted by metal mines in Cornwall, the Red River is affected not only by the legacy of historic mining throughout the catchment, but also, in the lower catchment, by more recent workings from South Crofty Tin Mine. Whereas most metal mines in Cornwall had ceased working by the early 1900's, 'Crofty' didn't close until 1998 and the site owner, Western United Mines' went into administration in June 2013. However, in 2016 the Canadian firm Strongbow Exploration Inc expressed an interest in bringing the mine out of administration, proposing to drill test holes over winter to see how viable it would be. <br /> <br /> Historic water quality data shows that Red River waters were severely affected by local mining activities between 1980 and 1998. In particular, waters arising from the South Crofty site during this period contained very high levels of particulate metal pollutants such as iron, zinc, copper and cadmium. The closure of South Crofty mine in 1998 resulted in a significant decrease in total metal concentrations downstream from the working site, although elevated levels of metals continue to arise from waters draining through historic mine workings such as the Treskillard Stream and Dolcoath deep adit discharge. In contrast to these improvements in river water quality, the closure and flooding of South Crofty mine (1998-2000) resulted in significant deterioration in the quality of Red River waters flowing downstream past Roscroggan portal (the Dolcoath adit discharge). Water quality data for the discharge, via Roscroggan portal, show that very high peaks in metal contaminant concentrations (along with additional flows) coincided with the decant of South Crofty mine waters in early November 2000.<br /> <br /> More recent work has shown that the upper catchment is dominated by elevated copper from the Treskillard stream which drains abandoned mines from the south east of Camborne, and that under wet weather conditions there are additional inputs from tips and spoil heaps. In terms of impacts, in the Treskillard stream concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd have been found to be 163ug/L, 363ug/L and 0.42ug/L respectively, with annual load of Zn of 230kg and Cu of 442kg. For the Dolcoath Adit the concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd are 766ug/L, 23ug/L and 1.42ug/L respectively. The annual load of Zn is 3,400kg, and 106kg Cu.<br /> <br />  Waterbody ecological status is Moderate<br />  Length of watercourse affected is 12km<br />  Water quality at WFD point (Gwithian) (ug/l): Zn = 196 (EQS = 75); Cu = 11.8 (EQS = 10); Cd = 0.28 (EQS = 0.15)<br />  Likely bioavailable EQS at Gwithian (ug/l): Zn = 16; Cu = 7<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Red River (Upper)<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB108049000600<br /> |WFD water body name=Red River (Upper)<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:The_Red_River:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37947 2017-01-05T10:09:06Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.2302983, -5.30518219999999<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Dolcoath Mine Red River.png<br /> |Picture description=Dolcoath Mine circa. 1890<br /> |Project summary=The Red River catchment is made up of three waterbodies - the Upper and Lower Red River and the Roseworthy Stream. The river drains a relatively small but intensively mined area of south-west Cornwall. Unlike many of the rivers impacted by metal mines in Cornwall, the Red River is affected not only by the legacy of historic mining throughout the catchment, but also, in the lower catchment, by more recent workings from South Crofty Tin Mine. Whereas most metal mines in Cornwall had ceased working by the early 1900's, 'Crofty' didn't close until 1998. There has been talk of re-starting production but as of June 2013 the site owner, Western United Mines' went into administration and there are no other plans to re-open the mine.<br /> <br /> Historic water quality data shows that Red River waters were severely affected by local mining activities between 1980 and 1998. In particular, waters arising from the South Crofty site during this period contained very high levels of particulate metal pollutants such as iron, zinc, copper and cadmium. The closure of South Crofty mine in 1998 resulted in a significant decrease in total metal concentrations downstream from the working site, although elevated levels of metals continue to arise from waters draining through historic mine workings such as the Treskillard Stream and Dolcoath deep adit discharge. In contrast to these improvements in river water quality, the closure and flooding of South Crofty mine (1998-2000) resulted in significant deterioration in the quality of Red River waters flowing downstream past Roscroggan portal (the Dolcoath adit discharge). Water quality data for the discharge, via Roscroggan portal, show that very high peaks in metal contaminant concentrations (along with additional flows) coincided with the decant of South Crofty mine waters in early November 2000.<br /> <br /> More recent work has shown that the upper catchment is dominated by elevated copper from the Treskillard stream which drains abandoned mines from the south east of Camborne, and that under wet weather conditions there are additional inputs from tips and spoil heaps. In terms of impacts, in the Treskillard stream concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd have been found to be 163ug/L, 363ug/L and 0.42ug/L respectively, with annual load of Zn of 230kg and Cu of 442kg. For the Dolcoath Adit the concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd are 766ug/L, 23ug/L and 1.42ug/L respectively. The annual load of Zn is 3,400kg, and 106kg Cu.<br /> <br />  Waterbody ecological status is Moderate<br />  Length of watercourse affected is 12km<br />  Water quality at WFD point (Gwithian) (ug/l): Zn = 196 (EQS = 75); Cu = 11.8 (EQS = 10); Cd = 0.28 (EQS = 0.15)<br />  Likely bioavailable EQS at Gwithian (ug/l): Zn = 16; Cu = 7<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Red River (Upper)<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB108049000600<br /> |WFD water body name=Red River (Upper)<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Dolcoath_Mine_Red_River.png&diff=37946 2017-01-05T10:08:22Z

<p>Embellamy: Dolcoath Mine circa 1890</p> <hr /> <div>Dolcoath Mine circa 1890</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Carnon_River:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37945 2017-01-05T09:54:32Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.23983639999999, -5.140481799999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Carnon County Adit.jpg<br /> |Picture description=The County Adit<br /> |Project summary=The Carnon River catchment is located in a region of Cornwall historically renowned for tin and copper mining activities. It flows through an area described in the 19th century as ‘the richest square mile anywhere on earth’ and is now part of the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/areas-places-activities/gwennap-kennall-vale-and-perran-foundry). Mining in the catchment started with simple tin streaming to exploit the alluvial tin deposits along the river. By the early 18th century, the area became one of the most heavily mined, with deep workings across the region exploring the rich mineral lodes for tin, copper, arsenic, silver and lead. Some of the workings associated with Wheal Jane and Mount Wellington mines were extended underneath the river itself at a very shallow depth – just a few metres below the surface.<br /> <br /> The entire length of the river is impacted by historic mining, as are both major tributaries, with numerous individual sources. The headwaters around Chacewater contain several historic mining and processing sites, notably Wheal Daniel. Further downstream at Twelveheads, the St Day Stream joins, carrying drainage from the Wheal Maid mine and tailings dam as well as other mineworkings in the Poldice Valley. Below Twelveheads, the County Adit discharges into the Carnon. This is not associated with one particular mine, rather it drains a huge heavily mined area to the west of the river. Construction of the Great County Adit started in 1748, and it is made up of a network of tunnels nearly 40 miles in length, draining over 100 individual mines. Recent data suggest County Adit contributes 70-80% of downstream loadings of<br /> cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc, and effectively 100% of arsenic and iron. The average annual loads from the adit are: Cd 20 kg; Ni 570 kg; As 1,500 kg; Cu 1,600 kg; Zn 13,700 kg; Fe 80,000 kg.<br /> <br /> Further downstream, the biggest tributary, the Hicks Mill Stream, enters the main Carnon. This drains a very heavily mined area on the outskirts of Redruth and contributes 20-25% of loadings of cadmium, copper and zinc. Also here at Bissoe is the Wheal Jane mine site and tailings dam. Wheal Jane was the last operating mine in the area, but when it finally closed in 1991, the dewatering pumps were removed and the workings flooded. In January 1992 a massive uncontrolled release of highly acidic minewater occurred through the Nangiles adit portal. This became one of the most notorious pollution incidents in South West history with a large area of the Fal Estuary stained bright orange by the resultant plume. Although the effect was determined to be short-term, options for long term treatment of the Wheal Jane minewaters needed to be explored. Passive treatment was trialled but ultimately found to be inadequate and since 2000, a full scale treatment plant has operated at the mine site, discharging treated minewater into the Carnon via the Clemmows Stream. This system is managed by the Coal Authority on behalf of Defra at a cost of £1.5m per year.<br /> <br /> The whole river length from headwaters to tidal limit fails the environmental quality standards (EQS) for cadmium, nickel, arsenic, copper, zinc and iron, and so fails to achieve good status for the South West River Basin Management Plan. Typical annual average magnitude of failure in the Carnon at the compliance monitoring site at Bissoe are:<br /> • Cd = 22x EQS<br /> • Ni = 4x EQS<br /> • Cu = 153x EQS<br /> • Zn = 103x EQS<br /> • Fe = 2x EQS<br /> <br /> Invertebrate surveys here exhibit ‘poor’ or ‘bad’ status. The river is effectively dead in terms of ecology.<br /> <br /> Remediation<br /> Treatment and management of the Wheal Jane minewaters will continue under the Coal Authority. We're working with the Coal Authority to explore the feasibility of treating some of the County Adit discharge in the existing Wheal Jane system, as well as other options for improving water quality in the Carnon in the medium to long term. It is possible that because of the extent, number and nature of other sources within the catchment, further measures may be deemed technically and/or financially unfeasible.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=130708 Wheal Maid tailings lower.JPG<br /> |Caption=Wheal Maid tailings dam, looking east (July 2013)<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=DSC03296.JPG<br /> |Caption=Wheal Maid tailings dam, looking west (June 2014)<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Upper Carnon River<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB108048001160<br /> |WFD water body name=Upper Carnon River<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Carnon_County_Adit.jpg&diff=37944 2017-01-05T09:44:55Z

<p>Embellamy: River Carnon County Adit</p> <hr /> <div>River Carnon County Adit</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gategill_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37943 2017-01-05T09:31:19Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.62094020000001, -3.0456781999999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Gategill Beck.jpg<br /> |Picture description=The Wood End low level adit<br /> |Project summary=The Threlkeld mine was worked for lead and zinc between 1661 and 1928. The mine has a long history of causing pollution and fish kills, and the owners were first prosecuted in 1890. The mine is a significant source of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium and zinc, in Gategill Beck and the River Glenderamackin, which fails to achieve 'Good' status for the Water Framework Directive. The metal pollution also affects the River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The main source of metals is the Woodend Low Level but there is also diffuse pollution from waste spoil heaps. <br /> <br /> Since 2010, we have been investigating the impacts from the mine with funding from Defra in partnership with the Coal Authority. Our monitoring confirms that the Woodend Low Level is one of the most polluting mine waters in the UK. Key findings from our monitoring are:<br /> • Immediately downstream of the mine, metal concentrations in Gategill Beck are up to 1,770 times the zinc environmental quality standard (EQS) and 525 times the cadmium EQS. Two km downstream, after dilution in the River Glenderamackin, zinc and cadmium are still up to 30 and 10 times the EQS respectively.<br /> • The mine discharges up to 29 tonnes of zinc, and 91 kg of cadmium each year.<br /> • At higher river flows, the spoil heaps contribute additional metal pollution.<br /> • Up to 16km of the River Glenderamackin, River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake fail the EQS for zinc and cadmium, so fail to achieve Good Status.<br /> <br /> We're working with the Coal Authority to identify the best way to clean up the pollution with funding from Defra. Initial work has gathered information about how to capture the mine water, and during 2016 we have been reviewing suitable treatment technologies. The minewaters at Gategill are challenging due to their low pH and high metal concentrations which are different from water treated by other full, pilot and laboratory based passive systems in the UK. Passive treatment is still the preferred option but pilot testing may be required and operating costs may be higher than for other passive schemes. The Coal Authority will also investigate potential locations for a treatment system to be built. We will discuss the results of our recommended solution with local stakeholders. Cleaning up the mine water pollution is estimated to deliver environmental and economic benefits of up to £4m over 25 years. <br /> <br /> Until recently there was another problem in Gategill Beck. The ‘Yellow Dam’ was created in the 1880’s to provide a water supply and power for mining activities. It consists of a wall and a culvert with mining spoil placed on top to create a dam across the beck. The dam grew weaker with age and the culvert underneath was corroded by the acidic mine water. This meant water built up behind the dam after heavy rain, putting pressure on the structure and creating a small risk that it could collapse. If this happened, any water that had built up behind the dam could quickly flow downstream to flood local properties and part of the A66. <br /> <br /> The private owner of the dam was unable to resolve the issue so the Environment Agency worked with Cumbria County Council, Eden District Council, the Lake District National Park Authority and the Highways Agency to identify a solution and funding. During 2014 and 2015, the dam was made safe by lowering the crest height, sealing the culvert and installing a new overflow channel. The Coal Authority paid for the EA contractors to install a pipe through the dam to transfer mine water to a future treatment scheme.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mine water discharge summary<br /> * Length of watercourse affected: 16km<br /> * Average metal concentration: Zinc = ~37,500μg/l (up to 18tonnes/yr), Cadmium = 78μg/l (up to 69kg/yr), Lead = 470μg/l, Nickel = 270μg/l<br /> * Water body ecological status/potential: Moderate (River Glenderamackin, River Derwent) Flow = 6 l/s<br /> <br /> Magnitude of impact:<br /> * Zinc: up to 1,900 times EQS<br /> * Cadmium: up to 375 times EQS<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> * Bassenthwaite Lake SSSI would be protected from a major pollution source<br /> * The river corridor in a Special Area of Conservation would be improved<br /> * Ecological improvements would be made to up to 16km of river (Glenderamackin, Derwent)<br /> * Local properties and infrastructure could be protected from a flooding and pollution event<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB112075070460<br /> |WFD water body name=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Reach length directly affected=16km<br /> |Project started=2010<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gategill_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37942 2017-01-05T09:29:24Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.62094020000001, -3.0456781999999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Gategill Beck.jpg<br /> |Picture description=The Wood End low level adit<br /> |Project summary=The Threlkeld mine was worked for lead and zinc between 1661 and 1928. The mine has a long history of causing pollution and fish kills, and the owners were first prosecuted in 1890. The mine is a significant source of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium and zinc, in Gategill Beck and the River Glenderamackin, which fails to achieve 'Good' status for the Water Framework Directive. The metal pollution also affects the River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The main source of metals is the Woodend Low Level but there is also diffuse pollution from waste spoil heaps. <br /> <br /> Since 2010, we have been investigating the impacts from the mine with funding from Defra in partnership with the Coal Authority. Our monitoring confirms that the Woodend Low Level is one of the most polluting mine waters in the UK. Key findings from our monitoring are:<br /> • Immediately downstream of the mine, metal concentrations in Gategill Beck are up to 1,770 times the zinc environmental quality standard (EQS) and 525 times the cadmium EQS. Two km downstream, after dilution in the River Glenderamackin, zinc and cadmium are still up to 30 and 10 times the EQS respectively.<br /> • The mine discharges up to 29 tonnes of zinc, and 91 kg of cadmium each year.<br /> • At higher river flows, the spoil heaps contribute additional metal pollution.<br /> • Up to 16km of the River Glenderamackin, River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake fail the EQS for zinc and cadmium, so fail to achieve Good Status.<br /> <br /> We're working with the Coal Authority to identify the best way to clean up the pollution with funding from Defra. Initial work has gathered information about how to capture the mine water, and during 2016 we have been reviewing suitable treatment technologies. The minewaters at Gategill are challenging due to their low pH and high metal concentrations which are different from water treated by other full, pilot and laboratory based passive systems in the UK. Passive treatment is still the preferred option but pilot testing may be required and operating costs may be higher than for other passive schemes. The Coal Authority will also investigate potential locations for a treatment system to be built. We will discuss the results of our recommended solution with local stakeholders. Cleaning up the mine water pollution is estimated to deliver environmental and economic benefits of up to £4m over 25 years. <br /> <br /> Until recently there was another problem in Gategill Beck. The ‘Yellow Dam’ was created in the 1880’s to provide a water supply and power for mining activities. It consists of a wall and a culvert with mining spoil placed on top to create a dam across the beck. The dam grew weaker with age and the culvert underneath was corroded by the acidic mine water. This meant water built up behind the dam after heavy rain, putting pressure on the structure and creating a small risk that it could collapse. If this happened, any water that had built up behind the dam could quickly flow downstream to flood local properties and part of the A66. <br /> <br /> The private owner of the dam was unable to resolve the issue so the Environment Agency worked with Cumbria County Council, Eden District Council, the Lake District National Park Authority and the Highways Agency to identify a solution and funding. During 2014 and 2015, the dam was made safe by lowering the crest height, sealing the culvert and installing a new overflow channel. The Coal Authority paid for the EA contractors to install a pipe through the dam to transfer mine water to a future treatment scheme.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mine water discharge summary<br /> * Length of watercourse affected: 16km<br /> * Average metal concentration: Zinc = ~37,500μg/l (up to 18tonnes/yr), Cadmium = 78μg/l (up to 69kg/yr), Lead = 470μg/l, Nickel = 270μg/l<br /> * Water body ecological status/potential: Moderate (River Glenderamackin, River Derwent) Flow = 6 l/s<br /> <br /> Magnitude of impact:<br /> * Zinc: up to 1,900 times EQS<br /> * Cadmium: up to 375 times EQS<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> * Bassenthwaite Lake SSSI would be protected from a major pollution source<br /> * The river corridor in a Special Area of Conservation would be improved<br /> * Ecological improvements would be made to up to 16km of river (Glenderamackin, Derwent)<br /> * Local properties and infrastructure could be protected from a flooding and pollution event<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB112075070460<br /> |WFD water body name=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Reach length directly affected=16km<br /> |Project started=2010<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> <br /> {{Case study documents<br /> |File name=New overflow channel Yellow Dam.jpg<br /> |Description=The new overflow channel for Yellow Dam (Dec 2015)<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gategill_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37941 2017-01-05T09:28:37Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.62094020000001, -3.0456781999999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Gategill Beck.jpg<br /> |Picture description=The Wood End low level adit<br /> |Project summary=The Threlkeld mine was worked for lead and zinc between 1661 and 1928. The mine has a long history of causing pollution and fish kills, and the owners were first prosecuted in 1890. The mine is a significant source of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium and zinc, in Gategill Beck and the River Glenderamackin, which fails to achieve 'Good' status for the Water Framework Directive. The metal pollution also affects the River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The main source of metals is the Woodend Low Level but there is also diffuse pollution from waste spoil heaps. <br /> <br /> Since 2010, we have been investigating the impacts from the mine with funding from Defra in partnership with the Coal Authority. Our monitoring confirms that the Woodend Low Level is one of the most polluting mine waters in the UK. Key findings from our monitoring are:<br /> • Immediately downstream of the mine, metal concentrations in Gategill Beck are up to 1,770 times the zinc environmental quality standard (EQS) and 525 times the cadmium EQS. Two km downstream, after dilution in the River Glenderamackin, zinc and cadmium are still up to 30 and 10 times the EQS respectively.<br /> • The mine discharges up to 29 tonnes of zinc, and 91 kg of cadmium each year.<br /> • At higher river flows, the spoil heaps contribute additional metal pollution.<br /> • Up to 16km of the River Glenderamackin, River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake fail the EQS for zinc and cadmium, so fail to achieve Good Status.<br /> <br /> We're working with the Coal Authority to identify the best way to clean up the pollution with funding from Defra. Initial work has gathered information about how to capture the mine water, and during 2016 we have been reviewing suitable treatment technologies. The minewaters at Gategill are challenging due to their low pH and high metal concentrations which are different from water treated by other full, pilot and laboratory based passive systems in the UK. Passive treatment is still the preferred option but pilot testing may be required and operating costs may be higher than for other passive schemes. The Coal Authority will also investigate potential locations for a treatment system to be built. We will discuss the results of our recommended solution with local stakeholders. Cleaning up the mine water pollution is estimated to deliver environmental and economic benefits of up to £4m over 25 years. <br /> <br /> Until recently there was another problem in Gategill Beck. The ‘Yellow Dam’ was created in the 1880’s to provide a water supply and power for mining activities. It consists of a wall and a culvert with mining spoil placed on top to create a dam across the beck. The dam grew weaker with age and the culvert underneath was corroded by the acidic mine water. This meant water built up behind the dam after heavy rain, putting pressure on the structure and creating a small risk that it could collapse. If this happened, any water that had built up behind the dam could quickly flow downstream to flood local properties and part of the A66. <br /> <br /> The private owner of the dam was unable to resolve the issue so the Environment Agency worked with Cumbria County Council, Eden District Council, the Lake District National Park Authority and the Highways Agency to identify a solution and funding. During 2014 and 2015, the dam was made safe by lowering the crest height, sealing the culvert and installing a new overflow channel. The Coal Authority paid for the EA contractors to install a pipe through the dam to transfer mine water to a future treatment scheme.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mine water discharge summary<br /> * Length of watercourse affected: 16km<br /> * Average metal concentration: Zinc = ~37,500μg/l (up to 18tonnes/yr), Cadmium = 78μg/l (up to 69kg/yr), Lead = 470μg/l, Nickel = 270μg/l<br /> * Water body ecological status/potential: Moderate (River Glenderamackin, River Derwent) Flow = 6 l/s<br /> <br /> Magnitude of impact:<br /> * Zinc: up to 1,900 times EQS<br /> * Cadmium: up to 375 times EQS<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> * Bassenthwaite Lake SSSI would be protected from a major pollution source<br /> * The river corridor in a Special Area of Conservation would be improved<br /> * Ecological improvements would be made to up to 16km of river (Glenderamackin, Derwent)<br /> * Local properties and infrastructure could be protected from a flooding and pollution event<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB112075070460<br /> |WFD water body name=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Reach length directly affected=16km<br /> |Project started=2010<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Case study documents<br /> |File name=Water behind Old Yellow Dam.jpg<br /> |Description=Water collected behind the old Yellow Dam creating flood risk (Dec 2012)<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study documents<br /> |File name=New overflow channel Yellow Dam.jpg<br /> |Description=The new overflow channel for Yellow Dam (Dec 2015)<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:New_overflow_channel_Yellow_Dam.jpg&diff=37940 2017-01-05T09:27:38Z

<p>Embellamy: The new overflow channel for Yellow Dam (Dec 2015)</p> <hr /> <div>The new overflow channel for Yellow Dam (Dec 2015)</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Water_behind_Old_Yellow_Dam.jpg&diff=37939 2017-01-05T09:26:51Z

<p>Embellamy: Water collected behind the old Yellow Dam creating flood risk (Dec 2012)</p> <hr /> <div>Water collected behind the old Yellow Dam creating flood risk (Dec 2012)</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gategill_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37938 2017-01-05T09:24:48Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.62094020000001, -3.0456781999999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Gategill Beck.jpg<br /> |Picture description=The Wood End low level adit<br /> |Project summary=The Threlkeld mine was worked for lead and zinc between 1661 and 1928. The mine has a long history of causing pollution and fish kills, and the owners were first prosecuted in 1890. The mine is a significant source of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium and zinc, in Gategill Beck and the River Glenderamackin, which fails to achieve 'Good' status for the Water Framework Directive. The metal pollution also affects the River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The main source of metals is the Woodend Low Level but there is also diffuse pollution from waste spoil heaps. <br /> <br /> Since 2010, we have been investigating the impacts from the mine with funding from Defra in partnership with the Coal Authority. Our monitoring confirms that the Woodend Low Level is one of the most polluting mine waters in the UK. Key findings from our monitoring are:<br /> • Immediately downstream of the mine, metal concentrations in Gategill Beck are up to 1,770 times the zinc environmental quality standard (EQS) and 525 times the cadmium EQS. Two km downstream, after dilution in the River Glenderamackin, zinc and cadmium are still up to 30 and 10 times the EQS respectively.<br /> • The mine discharges up to 29 tonnes of zinc, and 91 kg of cadmium each year.<br /> • At higher river flows, the spoil heaps contribute additional metal pollution.<br /> • Up to 16km of the River Glenderamackin, River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake fail the EQS for zinc and cadmium, so fail to achieve Good Status.<br /> <br /> We're working with the Coal Authority to identify the best way to clean up the pollution with funding from Defra. Initial work has gathered information about how to capture the mine water, and during 2016 we have been reviewing suitable treatment technologies. The minewaters at Gategill are challenging due to their low pH and high metal concentrations which are different from water treated by other full, pilot and laboratory based passive systems in the UK. Passive treatment is still the preferred option but pilot testing may be required and operating costs may be higher than for other passive schemes. The Coal Authority will also investigate potential locations for a treatment system to be built. We will discuss the results of our recommended solution with local stakeholders. Cleaning up the mine water pollution is estimated to deliver environmental and economic benefits of up to £4m over 25 years. <br /> <br /> Until recently there was another problem in Gategill Beck. The ‘Yellow Dam’ was created in the 1880’s to provide a water supply and power for mining activities. It consists of a wall and a culvert with mining spoil placed on top to create a dam across the beck. The dam grew weaker with age and the culvert underneath was corroded by the acidic mine water. This meant water built up behind the dam after heavy rain, putting pressure on the structure and creating a small risk that it could collapse. If this happened, any water that had built up behind the dam could quickly flow downstream to flood local properties and part of the A66. <br /> <br /> The private owner of the dam was unable to resolve the issue so the Environment Agency worked with Cumbria County Council, Eden District Council, the Lake District National Park Authority and the Highways Agency to identify a solution and funding. During 2014 and 2015, the dam was made safe by lowering the crest height, sealing the culvert and installing a new overflow channel. The Coal Authority paid for the EA contractors to install a pipe through the dam to transfer mine water to a future treatment scheme.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mine water discharge summary<br /> * Length of watercourse affected: 16km<br /> * Average metal concentration: Zinc = ~37,500μg/l (up to 18tonnes/yr), Cadmium = 78μg/l (up to 69kg/yr), Lead = 470μg/l, Nickel = 270μg/l<br /> * Water body ecological status/potential: Moderate (River Glenderamackin, River Derwent) Flow = 6 l/s<br /> <br /> Magnitude of impact:<br /> * Zinc: up to 1,900 times EQS<br /> * Cadmium: up to 375 times EQS<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> * Bassenthwaite Lake SSSI would be protected from a major pollution source<br /> * The river corridor in a Special Area of Conservation would be improved<br /> * Ecological improvements would be made to up to 16km of river (Glenderamackin, Derwent)<br /> * Local properties and infrastructure could be protected from a flooding and pollution event<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB112075070460<br /> |WFD water body name=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Reach length directly affected=16km<br /> |Project started=2010<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gunnerside_Gill:_Abandoned_metal_mines&diff=37937 2017-01-05T09:21:18Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.3794828, -2.0729564000000664<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Main contact id=undefined<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Name of parent multi-site project=undefined<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Gunnerside Gill.jpg<br /> |Picture description=Gunnerside Gill with steep spoil tips at Dolly Mine<br /> |Project summary=Gunnerside Gill, in the Humber River Basin District, is located to the west of Richmond, North Yorkshire in upper Swaledale. The area was mined for lead, zinc and barium between 1700 and 1900. Cadmium occurs as a significant impurity in the lead-zinc minerals. The mineralisation occurs along vertical faults in the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit rocks at Gunnerside Gill and adjoining areas of Swaledale in Yorkshire, and forms part of the North Pennine Orefield.<br /> <br /> There is an extensive legacy of metal mining at Gunnerside Gill including many shafts, adits and drainage levels with several smelters and associated ore dressing floors. There are large areas of unvegetated spoil and bare rock exposed in deep hushes. Some spoil tips, such as at Dolly Mine, have steep unstable slopes that are being constantly eroded at the base by Gunnerside Gill, which also cuts through spoil in dressing floors situated in the valley bottom. Gunnerside Gill catchment (13sq.lm) is entirely within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and almost all of the catchment is co-designated as SSSI, SAC and SPA with some scheduled Ancient Woodland in the valley bottom above Gunnerside village. All of the mine site buildings are derelict, but there are 9 Scheduled Ancient Monuments including parts of the Blakethwaite, Lownathwaite, Bunton, Dolly, Barbara and Sir Francis mines. Bunton Lead Mine is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY.<br /> <br /> There are 19 adits/levels identified in the catchment, and 2 of these, Bunton Level and Sir Francis Level, were purposely constructed as drainage levels and still have permanent discharge flows, with water containing high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium entering Gunnerside Gill. Chemical sampling of the tributary that flows from Kining Level indicates that there may be consistent flows here also.<br /> A number of single sampling events to investigate metal pollution of Gunnerside Gill and to establish the Mining Waste Directive inventory were carried out by the Environment Agency and Hull University in 2010 and 2011. These studies all showed concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd above their respective EQS values of 7.2, 50, and 0.09ug/L (Zn and Cd are hardness based), while Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations were acceptable.<br /> <br /> Based on the above findings, a catchment characterisation programme was implemented in 2012-2013 using Defra funding, provided to investigate water pollution from abandoned metal mines. This project comprised monthly water quality sampling and simultaneous spot flow gauging at 6 locations, including the Bunton and Sir Francis Level discharges. An extra location was later added to investigate potential contribution of metal loading from Kining Level. The water quality results showed that the discharges from Bunton Level and Sir Francis Level contained the highest metal concentrations as follows:<br />  Bunton Level average concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 50 Zn = 800 Cd = 8<br />  Sir Francis Level average concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 25 Zn = 1650 Cd = 14<br /> <br /> Metal loading was calculated from the concentration and flow data. When metal loadings were examined under different flow conditions, the contribution from the point source adit discharges were more significant during low flows, but less so in high flow conditions, when diffuse sources from spoil tips and re-suspension of contaminated sediments become more significant in the overall metal loading to<br /> Gunnerside Gill and entering the River Swale.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency has collaborated with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and funded a heritage survey report, to look at options for remediation and reduction of metal pollution of Gunnerside Gill that do not adversely affect the integrity of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments.<br /> <br /> Impacts of metal mining at Gunnerside Gill<br />  Length of watercourse affected 6km to confluence with River Swale<br />  Average flow at the Swale confluence 150L/s<br />  Average metal concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 30 Zn = 170 Cd = 1.6<br />  Average metal loading (kg/year): Pb = 140 Zn = 800 Cd = 8<br />  Water body WFD status in 2009: Ecology = Good Chemistry = DNRA<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation:<br />  The River Swale will be protected from major metal pollution sources<br />  Scheduled Ancient Monuments will not be damaged by any remedial actions<br />  Developing partnerships with important stakeholders (YDNPA and Coal Authority) and using our<br /> position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical Status under WFD<br /> |Monitoring surveys and results=An ecological monitoring programme was also undertaken to complement the water quality study and<br /> investigate the effects of metal pollution on macrophytes, invertebrates and diatoms. The ecological<br /> surveys were carried out in 3 seasonal sampling events over 2 years. Preliminary results show little<br /> adverse effects on invertebrates and macrophytes, but distortion of diatom valves in some species.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Gunnerside Gill from Source to River Swale<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB104027069090<br /> |WFD water body name=Gunnerside Gill from Source to River Swale<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Reach length directly affected=6km<br /> |Project started=2012<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gategill_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37936 2017-01-05T09:19:36Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.62094020000001, -3.0456781999999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Gategill Beck.jpg<br /> |Picture description=The Wood End low level adit<br /> |Project summary=The Threlkeld mine was worked for lead and zinc between 1661 and 1928. The mine has a long history of causing pollution and fish kills, and the owners were first prosecuted in 1890. The mine is a significant source of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium and zinc, in Gategill Beck and the River Glenderamackin, which fails to achieve 'Good' status for the Water Framework Directive. The metal pollution also affects the River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The main source of metals is the Woodend Low Level but there is also diffuse pollution from waste spoil heaps. <br /> <br /> Since 2010, we have been investigating the impacts from the mine with funding from Defra in partnership with the Coal Authority. Our monitoring confirms that the Woodend Low Level is one of the most polluting mine waters in the UK. Key findings from our monitoring are:<br /> • Immediately downstream of the mine, metal concentrations in Gategill Beck are up to 1,770 times the zinc environmental quality standard (EQS) and 525 times the cadmium EQS. Two km downstream, after dilution in the River Glenderamackin, zinc and cadmium are still up to 30 and 10 times the EQS respectively.<br /> • The mine discharges up to 29 tonnes of zinc, and 91 kg of cadmium each year.<br /> • At higher river flows, the spoil heaps contribute additional metal pollution.<br /> • Up to 16km of the River Glenderamackin, River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake fail the EQS for zinc and cadmium, so fail to achieve Good Status.<br /> <br /> We're working with the Coal Authority to identify the best way to clean up the pollution with funding from Defra. Initial work has gathered information about how to capture the mine water, and during 2016 we have been reviewing suitable treatment technologies. The minewaters at Gategill are challenging due to their low pH and high metal concentrations which are different from water treated by other full, pilot and laboratory based passive systems in the UK. Passive treatment is still the preferred option but pilot testing may be required and operating costs may be higher than for other passive schemes. The Coal Authority will also investigate potential locations for a treatment system to be built. We will discuss the results of our recommended solution with local stakeholders. Cleaning up the mine water pollution is estimated to deliver environmental and economic benefits of up to £4m over 25 years. <br /> <br /> Until recently there was another problem in Gategill Beck. The ‘Yellow Dam’ was created in the 1880’s to provide a water supply and power for mining activities. It consists of a wall and a culvert with mining spoil placed on top to create a dam across the beck. The dam grew weaker with age and the culvert underneath was corroded by the acidic mine water. This meant water built up behind the dam after heavy rain, putting pressure on the structure and creating a small risk that it could collapse. If this happened, any water that had built up behind the dam could quickly flow downstream to flood local properties and part of the A66. <br /> <br /> The private owner of the dam was unable to resolve the issue so the Environment Agency worked with Cumbria County Council, Eden District Council, the Lake District National Park Authority and the Highways Agency to identify a solution and funding. During 2014 and 2015, the dam was made safe by lowering the crest height, sealing the culvert and installing a new overflow channel. The Coal Authority paid for the EA contractors to install a pipe through the dam to transfer mine water to a future treatment scheme.<br /> <br /> <br /> Mine water discharge summary<br /> * Length of watercourse affected: 16km<br /> * Average metal concentration: Zinc = ~37,500μg/l (up to 18tonnes/yr), Cadmium = 78μg/l (up to 69kg/yr), Lead = 470μg/l, Nickel = 270μg/l<br /> * Water body ecological status/potential: Moderate (River Glenderamackin, River Derwent) Flow = 6 l/s<br /> <br /> Magnitude of impact:<br /> * Zinc: up to 1,900 times EQS<br /> * Cadmium: up to 375 times EQS<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> * Bassenthwaite Lake SSSI would be protected from a major pollution source<br /> * The river corridor in a Special Area of Conservation would be improved<br /> * Ecological improvements would be made to up to 16km of river (Glenderamackin, Derwent)<br /> * Local properties and infrastructure could be protected from a flooding and pollution event<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB112075070460<br /> |WFD water body name=Glenderamackin (Greta)<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Gategill_Beck.jpg&diff=37935 2017-01-05T08:56:23Z

<p>Embellamy: The Wood End low level adit</p> <hr /> <div>The Wood End low level adit</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gunnerside_Gill:_Abandoned_metal_mines&diff=37934 2017-01-05T08:45:39Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.3794828, -2.0729564000000664<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Main contact id=undefined<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Name of parent multi-site project=undefined<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Gunnerside Gill.jpg<br /> |Project summary=Gunnerside Gill, in the Humber River Basin District, is located to the west of Richmond, North Yorkshire in upper Swaledale. The area was mined for lead, zinc and barium between 1700 and 1900. Cadmium occurs as a significant impurity in the lead-zinc minerals. The mineralisation occurs along vertical faults in the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit rocks at Gunnerside Gill and adjoining areas of Swaledale in Yorkshire, and forms part of the North Pennine Orefield.<br /> <br /> There is an extensive legacy of metal mining at Gunnerside Gill including many shafts, adits and drainage levels with several smelters and associated ore dressing floors. There are large areas of unvegetated spoil and bare rock exposed in deep hushes. Some spoil tips, such as at Dolly Mine, have steep unstable slopes that are being constantly eroded at the base by Gunnerside Gill, which also cuts through spoil in dressing floors situated in the valley bottom. Gunnerside Gill catchment (13sq.lm) is entirely within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and almost all of the catchment is co-designated as SSSI, SAC and SPA with some scheduled Ancient Woodland in the valley bottom above Gunnerside village. All of the mine site buildings are derelict, but there are 9 Scheduled Ancient Monuments including parts of the Blakethwaite, Lownathwaite, Bunton, Dolly, Barbara and Sir Francis mines. Bunton Lead Mine is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY.<br /> <br /> There are 19 adits/levels identified in the catchment, and 2 of these, Bunton Level and Sir Francis Level, were purposely constructed as drainage levels and still have permanent discharge flows, with water containing high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium entering Gunnerside Gill. Chemical sampling of the tributary that flows from Kining Level indicates that there may be consistent flows here also.<br /> A number of single sampling events to investigate metal pollution of Gunnerside Gill and to establish the Mining Waste Directive inventory were carried out by the Environment Agency and Hull University in 2010 and 2011. These studies all showed concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd above their respective EQS values of 7.2, 50, and 0.09ug/L (Zn and Cd are hardness based), while Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations were acceptable.<br /> <br /> Based on the above findings, a catchment characterisation programme was implemented in 2012-2013 using Defra funding, provided to investigate water pollution from abandoned metal mines. This project comprised monthly water quality sampling and simultaneous spot flow gauging at 6 locations, including the Bunton and Sir Francis Level discharges. An extra location was later added to investigate potential contribution of metal loading from Kining Level. The water quality results showed that the discharges from Bunton Level and Sir Francis Level contained the highest metal concentrations as follows:<br />  Bunton Level average concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 50 Zn = 800 Cd = 8<br />  Sir Francis Level average concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 25 Zn = 1650 Cd = 14<br /> <br /> Metal loading was calculated from the concentration and flow data. When metal loadings were examined under different flow conditions, the contribution from the point source adit discharges were more significant during low flows, but less so in high flow conditions, when diffuse sources from spoil tips and re-suspension of contaminated sediments become more significant in the overall metal loading to<br /> Gunnerside Gill and entering the River Swale.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency has collaborated with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and funded a heritage survey report, to look at options for remediation and reduction of metal pollution of Gunnerside Gill that do not adversely affect the integrity of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments.<br /> <br /> Impacts of metal mining at Gunnerside Gill<br />  Length of watercourse affected 6km to confluence with River Swale<br />  Average flow at the Swale confluence 150L/s<br />  Average metal concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 30 Zn = 170 Cd = 1.6<br />  Average metal loading (kg/year): Pb = 140 Zn = 800 Cd = 8<br />  Water body WFD status in 2009: Ecology = Good Chemistry = DNRA<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation:<br />  The River Swale will be protected from major metal pollution sources<br />  Scheduled Ancient Monuments will not be damaged by any remedial actions<br />  Developing partnerships with important stakeholders (YDNPA and Coal Authority) and using our<br /> position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical Status under WFD<br /> |Monitoring surveys and results=An ecological monitoring programme was also undertaken to complement the water quality study and<br /> investigate the effects of metal pollution on macrophytes, invertebrates and diatoms. The ecological<br /> surveys were carried out in 3 seasonal sampling events over 2 years. Preliminary results show little<br /> adverse effects on invertebrates and macrophytes, but distortion of diatom valves in some species.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Gunnerside Gill from Source to River Swale<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB104027069090<br /> |WFD water body name=Gunnerside Gill from Source to River Swale<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Reach length directly affected=6km<br /> |Project started=2012<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gunnerside_Gill:_Abandoned_metal_mines&diff=37933 2017-01-05T08:43:48Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.3794828, -2.0729564000000664<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Main contact id=undefined<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Name of parent multi-site project=undefined<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Gunnerside Gill.jpg<br /> |Project summary=Gunnerside Gill, in the Humber River Basin District, is located to the west of Richmond, North Yorkshire in upper Swaledale. The area was mined for lead, zinc and barium between 1700 and 1900. Cadmium occurs as a significant impurity in the lead-zinc minerals. The mineralisation occurs along vertical faults in the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit rocks at Gunnerside Gill and adjoining areas of Swaledale in Yorkshire, and forms part of the North Pennine Orefield.<br /> <br /> There is an extensive legacy of metal mining at Gunnerside Gill including many shafts, adits and drainage levels with several smelters and associated ore dressing floors. There are large areas of unvegetated spoil and bare rock exposed in deep hushes. Some spoil tips, such as at Dolly Mine, have steep unstable slopes that are being constantly eroded at the base by Gunnerside Gill, which also cuts through spoil in dressing floors situated in the valley bottom. Gunnerside Gill catchment (13sq.lm) is entirely within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and almost all of the catchment is co-designated as SSSI, SAC and SPA with some scheduled Ancient Woodland in the valley bottom above Gunnerside village. All of the mine site buildings are derelict, but there are 9 Scheduled Ancient Monuments including parts of the Blakethwaite, Lownathwaite, Bunton, Dolly, Barbara and Sir Francis mines. Bunton Lead Mine is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY.<br /> <br /> There are 19 adits/levels identified in the catchment, and 2 of these, Bunton Level and Sir Francis Level, were purposely constructed as drainage levels and still have permanent discharge flows, with water containing high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium entering Gunnerside Gill. Chemical sampling of the tributary that flows from Kining Level indicates that there may be consistent flows here also.<br /> A number of single sampling events to investigate metal pollution of Gunnerside Gill and to establish the Mining Waste Directive inventory were carried out by the Environment Agency and Hull University in 2010 and 2011. These studies all showed concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd above their respective EQS values of 7.2, 50, and 0.09ug/L (Zn and Cd are hardness based), while Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations were acceptable.<br /> <br /> Based on the above findings, a catchment characterisation programme was implemented in 2012-2013 using Defra funding, provided to investigate water pollution from abandoned metal mines. This project comprised monthly water quality sampling and simultaneous spot flow gauging at 6 locations, including the Bunton and Sir Francis Level discharges. An extra location was later added to investigate potential contribution of metal loading from Kining Level. The water quality results showed that the discharges from Bunton Level and Sir Francis Level contained the highest metal concentrations as follows:<br />  Bunton Level average concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 50 Zn = 800 Cd = 8<br />  Sir Francis Level average concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 25 Zn = 1650 Cd = 14<br /> <br /> Metal loading was calculated from the concentration and flow data. When metal loadings were examined under different flow conditions, the contribution from the point source adit discharges were more significant during low flows, but less so in high flow conditions, when diffuse sources from spoil tips and re-suspension of contaminated sediments become more significant in the overall metal loading to<br /> Gunnerside Gill and entering the River Swale.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency has collaborated with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and funded a heritage survey report, to look at options for remediation and reduction of metal pollution of Gunnerside Gill that do not adversely affect the integrity of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments.<br /> <br /> Impacts of metal mining at Gunnerside Gill<br />  Length of watercourse affected 6km to confluence with River Swale<br />  Average flow at the Swale confluence 150L/s<br />  Average metal concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 30 Zn = 170 Cd = 1.6<br />  Average metal loading (kg/year): Pb = 140 Zn = 800 Cd = 8<br />  Water body WFD status in 2009: Ecology = Good Chemistry = DNRA<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation:<br />  The River Swale will be protected from major metal pollution sources<br />  Scheduled Ancient Monuments will not be damaged by any remedial actions<br />  Developing partnerships with important stakeholders (YDNPA and Coal Authority) and using our<br /> position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical Status under WFD<br /> |Monitoring surveys and results=An ecological monitoring programme was also undertaken to complement the water quality study and<br /> investigate the effects of metal pollution on macrophytes, invertebrates and diatoms. The ecological<br /> surveys were carried out in 3 seasonal sampling events over 2 years. Preliminary results show little<br /> adverse effects on invertebrates and macrophytes, but distortion of diatom valves in some species.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Gunnerside Gill from Source to River Swale<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB104027069090<br /> |WFD water body name=Gunnerside Gill from Source to River Swale<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Gunnerside_Gill.jpg&diff=37932 2017-01-05T08:40:49Z

<p>Embellamy: Gunnerside Gill with steep spoil tips at Dolly Mine</p> <hr /> <div>Gunnerside Gill with steep spoil tips at Dolly Mine</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Barney_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37931 2017-01-05T08:34:12Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.38647599999999, -1.9747969999999668<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Barney Beck.jpg<br /> |Picture description=Barney Beck with steep spoil tips at Old Gang<br /> |Project summary=Barney Beck, in the Humber River Basin District, is located to the west of Richmond, North Yorkshire in upper Swaledale.The area was mined for lead, zinc and barium between 1700 and 1900. Cadmium occurs as a significant impurity in the lead-zinc minerals. The mineralisation occurs along vertical faults in the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit rocks at Barney Beck and adjoining areas of Swaledale in Yorkshire, and forms part of the North Pennine Orefield.<br /> <br /> There is an extensive legacy of metal mining at Barney Beck including many shafts, adits and drainage levels with several smelters and associated ore dressing floors. There are large areas of un-vegetated spoil and bare rock exposed in deep hushes. Some spoil tips, such as at Old Gang Smelt Mill, have steep unstable slopes that are being constantly eroded at the base by Barney Beck. Barney Beck catchment (17sq.km) is entirely within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and almost all of the catchment is co-designated as SSSI, SAC and SPA with some scheduled Ancient Woodland in the valley bottom above Healaugh village. All of the mine site buildings are derelict, but there are 2 Scheduled Ancient Monuments comprising the Old Gang Smelt Mill and Surrender Smelt Mill complexes. Barras End Lead Mine is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY.<br /> <br /> There are 13 adits/levels identified in the catchment, and 2 of these, Hard Level and Spence Level, were purposely constructed as drainage levels and still have permanent discharge flows, with water containing high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium entering Barney Beck. <br /> <br /> A number of single sampling events to investigate metal pollution of Barney Beck and to establish the Mining Waste Directive inventory were carried out by the Environment Agency and Hull University in 2010 and 2011. These studies all showed concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd above their respective EQS values of 7.2, 50, and 0.09ug/L (Zn and Cd are hardness based), while Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations were acceptable. Based on the above findings, a catchment characterisation programme was implemented in 2012-2013 using Defra funding, provided to investigate water pollution from abandoned metal mines. This project comprised monthly water quality sampling at 9 locations with simultaneous spot flow gauging at 6 locations including the Hard Level and Spence Level discharges. The water quality results showed that the discharge from Hard Level contained the highest metal concentrations, with Pb at 130ug/L; Zn at 530ug/L and Cd at 4ug/L<br /> <br /> Metal loading was calculated from the concentration and flow data. When metal loadings were examined under different flow conditions, the contribution from the point source adit discharges were more significant during low flows, but less so in high flow conditions, when diffuse sources from spoil tips and re-suspension of contaminated sediments become more significant in the overall metal loading to<br /> Barney Beck and entering the River Swale.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency has collaborated with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and funded a heritage survey report, to look at options for remediation and reduction of metal pollution of Barney Beck that do not adversely affect the integrity of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments.<br /> <br /> Overview of the impact of metal mining at Barney Beck:<br />  Length of watercourse affected 7km to confluence with River Swale<br />  Average flow at the Swale confluence 110L/s<br />  Average metal concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 80 Zn = 130 Cd = 1.1<br />  Average metal loading (kg/year): Pb = 500 Zn = 700 Cd = 6<br />  Water body WFD status in 2009: Ecology = Good Chemistry = DNRA<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br />  The River Swale will be protected from major metal pollution sources<br />  Scheduled Ancient Monuments will not be damaged by any remedial actions<br />  Developing partnerships with important stakeholders (YDNPA and Coal Authority) and using our<br /> position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical Status under WFD<br /> |Monitoring surveys and results=An ecological monitoring programme was also undertaken to complement the water quality study and investigate the effects of metal pollution on macrophytes, invertebrates and diatoms. The ecological surveys were carried out in 3 seasonal sampling events over 2 years. Preliminary results show little adverse effects on invertebrates and macrophytes, but distortion of diatom valves in some species.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Barney Bk/Hard Level Gill from Source to R Swale<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB104027069080<br /> |WFD water body name=Barney Bk/Hard Level Gill from Source to R Swale<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Reach length directly affected=7km<br /> |Project started=2012/13<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Barney_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=37930 2017-01-05T08:30:08Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.38647599999999, -1.9747969999999668<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Barney Beck.jpg<br /> |Picture description=Barney Beck with steep spoil tips at Old Gang<br /> |Project summary=Barney Beck, in the Humber River Basin District, is located to the west of Richmond, North Yorkshire in upper Swaledale.The area was mined for lead, zinc and barium between 1700 and 1900. Cadmium occurs as a significant impurity in the lead-zinc minerals. The mineralisation occurs along vertical faults in the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit rocks at Barney Beck and adjoining areas of Swaledale in Yorkshire, and forms part of the North Pennine Orefield.<br /> <br /> There is an extensive legacy of metal mining at Barney Beck including many shafts, adits and drainage levels with several smelters and associated ore dressing floors. There are large areas of un-vegetated spoil and bare rock exposed in deep hushes. Some spoil tips, such as at Old Gang Smelt Mill, have steep unstable slopes that are being constantly eroded at the base by Barney Beck. Barney Beck catchment (17sq.km) is entirely within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and almost all of the catchment is co-designated as SSSI, SAC and SPA with some scheduled Ancient Woodland in the valley bottom above Healaugh village. All of the mine site buildings are derelict, but there are 2 Scheduled Ancient Monuments comprising the Old Gang Smelt Mill and Surrender Smelt Mill complexes. Barras End Lead Mine is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY.<br /> <br /> There are 13 adits/levels identified in the catchment, and 2 of these, Hard Level and Spence Level, were purposely constructed as drainage levels and still have permanent discharge flows, with water containing high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium entering Barney Beck. <br /> <br /> A number of single sampling events to investigate metal pollution of Barney Beck and to establish the Mining Waste Directive inventory were carried out by the Environment Agency and Hull University in 2010 and 2011. These studies all showed concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd above their respective EQS values of 7.2, 50, and 0.09ug/L (Zn and Cd are hardness based), while Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations were acceptable. Based on the above findings, a catchment characterisation programme was implemented in 2012-2013 using Defra funding, provided to investigate water pollution from abandoned metal mines. This project comprised monthly water quality sampling at 9 locations with simultaneous spot flow gauging at 6 locations including the Hard Level and Spence Level discharges. The water quality results showed that the discharge from Hard Level contained the highest metal concentrations, with Pb at 130ug/L; Zn at 530ug/L and Cd at 4ug/L<br /> <br /> Metal loading was calculated from the concentration and flow data. When metal loadings were examined under different flow conditions, the contribution from the point source adit discharges were more significant during low flows, but less so in high flow conditions, when diffuse sources from spoil tips and re-suspension of contaminated sediments become more significant in the overall metal loading to<br /> Barney Beck and entering the River Swale.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency has collaborated with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and funded a heritage survey report, to look at options for remediation and reduction of metal pollution of Barney Beck that do not adversely affect the integrity of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments.<br /> <br /> Overview of the impact of metal mining at Barney Beck:<br />  Length of watercourse affected 7km to confluence with River Swale<br />  Average flow at the Swale confluence 110L/s<br />  Average metal concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 80 Zn = 130 Cd = 1.1<br />  Average metal loading (kg/year): Pb = 500 Zn = 700 Cd = 6<br />  Water body WFD status in 2009: Ecology = Good Chemistry = DNRA<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br />  The River Swale will be protected from major metal pollution sources<br />  Scheduled Ancient Monuments will not be damaged by any remedial actions<br />  Developing partnerships with important stakeholders (YDNPA and Coal Authority) and using our<br /> position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical Status under WFD<br /> |Monitoring surveys and results=An ecological monitoring programme was also undertaken to complement the water quality study and investigate the effects of metal pollution on macrophytes, invertebrates and diatoms. The ecological surveys were carried out in 3 seasonal sampling events over 2 years. Preliminary results show little adverse effects on invertebrates and macrophytes, but distortion of diatom valves in some species.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Barney Bk/Hard Level Gill from Source to R Swale<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |WFD water body code=GB104027069080<br /> |WFD water body name=Barney Bk/Hard Level Gill from Source to R Swale<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Barney_Beck.jpg&diff=37929 2017-01-05T08:26:41Z

<p>Embellamy: Barney Beck with steep spoil tips at Old Gang Smelt Mill</p> <hr /> <div>Barney Beck with steep spoil tips at Old Gang Smelt Mill</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gategill_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=34326 2015-04-02T07:49:43Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.62094020000001, -3.0456781999999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Threlkeld mine was worked for lead and zinc between 1661 and 1928. The mine has a long history of causing pollution and fish kills, and the owners were first prosecuted in 1890. The mine is a significant source of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium and zinc, in Gategill Beck and the River Glenderamackin, which fails to achieve 'Good' status for the Water Framework Directive. The metal pollution also affects the River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The main source of metals is the Woodend Low Level but there is also diffuse pollution from waste spoil heaps. Until March 2011, the Woodend Low Level drainage tunnel was partially blocked and mine water had built-up behind the entrance. We have now cleared this blockage to prevent an uncontrolled breakout that might have caused a significant pollution incident.<br /> <br /> In 2010, we investigated the impacts from the mine with funding from Defra. Our monitoring confirmed that the Woodend Low Level is one of the most polluting mine waters in the UK. In April 2012 we started more detailed monitoring of pollution from the mine using new funding from Defra. To help us, the Coal Authority installed a weir at the Woodend Low Level so we can measure the flow more accurately. We have also built three temporary weirs in Gategill Beck to work out how much pollution comes from the spoil heaps. We are collecting samples monthly for a year to confirm the pollution caused by the mine. We will then work with the Coal Authority to identify what can be done to clean up the pollution.<br /> <br /> Key findings from the 2010 monitoring and the 2012 data are:<br /> • Immediately downstream of the mine, metal concentrations in Gategill Beck are up to 1900 times the zinc environmental quality standard (EQS: 8 μg/l) and 375 times the cadmium EQS (0.08 μg/l). Even after dilution in the River Glenderamackin, two kilometres downstream, the zinc and cadmium concentrations are still up to 40 and 8 times the EQS respectively.<br /> • The mine discharges up to 18 tonnes of zinc, and 70 kg of cadmium each year.<br /> • At higher river flows, the spoil heaps contribute additional metal pollution.<br /> • Up to 16km of the River Glenderamackin, River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake fail the EQS for zinc and cadmium, and therefore fail to achieve Good Status.<br /> <br /> We are working with the Coal Authority to identify the best way to clean up the pollution. Initial work has gathered information about how to capture the mine water, and during 2015 we will be reviewing suitable treatment technologies. The metal concentrations are so high that finding a passive system with low operating costs is difficult. The Coal Authority will also investigate potential locations for a treatment plant to be built. We will discuss the results of our recommended solution with local stakeholders. The estimated economic benefit of cleaning up the mine water pollution is £5.8m over 25 years.<br /> <br /> There is another problem in Gategill Beck - flood risk. The Yellow Dam was created in the 1880’s to provide a water supply and power for mining activities. It consists of a wall and a culvert with mining spoil placed on top to create a dam across the beck. The dam has grown weaker with age and the culvert underneath has become defective. This means water builds up behind the dam after heavy rain, putting pressure on the structure and creating a small risk that it could collapse. If this happened, any water that had built up behind the dam could quickly flow downstream to flood local properties and part of the A66. The private owner of the dam is unable to resolve the issue so the Environment Agency is working with Cumbria County Council, Eden District Council, the Lake District National Park Authority and the Highways Agency to identify a solution. Work started in October 2014 to make the dam safe.<br /> <br /> Mine water discharge summary<br /> • Length of watercourse affected: 16km<br /> • Average metal concentration: Zinc = ~37,500μg/l (up to 18tonnes/yr), Cadmium = 78μg/l (up to 69kg/yr), Lead = 470μg/l, Nickel = 270μg/l<br /> • Water body ecological status/potential: Moderate (River Glenderamackin, River Derwent)<br />  Flow = 6 l/s<br /> <br /> Magnitude of impact:<br /> • Zinc: up to 1,900 times EQS<br /> • Cadmium: up to 375 times EQS<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> • Bassenthwaite Lake SSSI would be protected from a major pollution source<br /> • The river corridor in a Special Area of Conservation would be improved<br /> • Ecological improvements would be made to up to 16km of river (Glenderamackin, Derwent)<br /> • Local properties and infrastructure could be protected from a flooding and pollution event<br /> <br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Force_Crag_Mine_Remediation&diff=34325 2015-04-02T07:15:17Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Approved<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.58382682817484, -3.2381772994995117<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Habitat and biodiversity, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Main contact id=HPotter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), Defra (Dept for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), National Trust, Newcastle University<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=800px-2014 April completed Force Crag scheme - John Malley.jpg<br /> |Picture description=April 2014. Completed Force Crag mine water treatment scheme. Photo by John Malley.<br /> |Project summary=Force Crag mine, worked for zinc, lead and barytes until 1991, was famously the last working mine in the Lake District. Mine water discharges and diffuse pollution from waste heaps mean it's a major source of cadmium, zinc and lead, depositing around 3 tonnes each year into the watercourse. The metals pollute the Coledale Beck and the Newlands Beck as far as Bassenthwaite Lake, and prevent these water bodies achieving good Chemical and Ecological status for the Water Framework Directive.<br /> <br /> The site is now owned by the National Trust and run as a visitor attraction. It's within the Lake District High Fells SAC and two SSSI’s; Force Crag mine itself and Buttermere High Fells. It is also a Scheduled Monument.<br /> <br /> We've been working in partnership with the Coal Authority, the National Trust and Newcastle University to develop a remediation scheme for this site with funding from Defra. The ‘vertical flow pond’ designed by Newcastle University is the first of its kind in the UK and uses compost, limestone and woodchips to remove metals from the water without the need for added energy or chemicals. This passive system works by passing the mine water down through the compost mixture where microbial activity binds the metals as sulphides, before discharging through a small wetland and into the Coledale Beck.<br /> <br /> In September 2013, the Coal Authority began building the treatment scheme within the existing bunding of the former tailings lagoon. The National Trust and English Heritage supported the scheme as the next stage in the life cycle of this historic industrial site. On 31 March 2014, the valves were opened and mine water started filling up the ponds...<br /> <br /> The system has now been operating for a year, and has removed over half a tonne of zinc. Although we're only treating some of the mine water flow (6 l/s), it's already making a significant difference to the water quality in the Coledale Beck since the scheme is removing &gt;95% of the zinc, and &gt;90% of the cadmium and lead. This is not yet enough for the river to achieve good status but we hope Bassenthwaite Lake will no longer fail the EQS for metals. Over the next couple of years we will see if the treatment system can cope with more of the flow without harming performance, and investigate how to deal with diffuse sources of metals in the catchment. <br /> <br /> The benefits of cleaning up the Force Crag mine water are estimated to be up to £4.9m over 25 years, at a cost of~£1.5m. <br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=2014 April completed Force Crag scheme - John Malley.jpg<br /> |Caption=April 2014. Completed Force Crag mine water treatment scheme. Photo by John Malley.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Newlands Beck<br /> }}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Works started=2013/09/02<br /> |Benefit to cost ratio=Benefits of cleaning up the Force Crag mine water are estimated to be £1.6m - £4.9m over 25 years, at a cost of ~£1.5m<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations<br /> |Specific mitigation=Historic mining activities<br /> |Physico-chemical quality elements=Nutrient concentrations, Oxygen balance, <br /> }}<br /> {{Measures<br /> |Floodplain / River corridor=Vertical flow pond which uses compost, limestone and woodchips to remove metals from the water without the need for added energy or chemicals<br /> }}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Saltburn_Gill_ironstones_mines&diff=33787 2014-12-11T13:50:37Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Approved<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.571963, -0.960267<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Economic aspects, Social benefits, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Peter<br /> |Main contact surname=Aldred<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Contact organisation url=www.environment-agency.gov.uk/<br /> |Partner organisations=Environment Agency, DEFRA, The Coal Authority (UK)<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Saltburn Gill iron mines.png<br /> |Project summary=Saltburn Gill is a short coastal river, flowing into the North Sea across Saltburn Beach - a designated bathing water beach and one of the most popular surfing beaches on the east coast. The river extends inland for about 8km in a steep sided valley, part of the Saltburn Gill Nature Reserve Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).<br /> <br /> This on-going project targets a section of the Saltburn Gill that was negatively impacted by Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from abandoned mine workings, located upstream of the discharge point. Historically, East Cleveland was a major source of ore for the Teesside iron and steel industry, specially from the 1850’s until the early 1960’s. Afterwards, the decline of the mining activity resulted in an uncontrolled abandonment of the working mines in within the region. <br /> <br /> In May 1999, an uncontrolled mine discharge increased the typical iron levels of the Saltburn Beck from around 0.1 milligrammes per litre (mg/l) to in excess of 1200mg/l. Over 330kg of iron ochre was deposited on the stream bed every day. In one year, this is the equivalent of over 100 tonnes of iron being discharged into the North Sea. The devastating effects on the ecology readily appeared, mainly due to the drastic depletion in the oxygen levels. A biological impact survey of the stream showed that the pollution reduced the water quality of the beck from good to bad status along 2km of the watercourse, from the discharge point to the sea.<br /> <br /> The Saltburn Gill Action Group (SGAG) was set up in 2005 as a community action group. Assistance was given by The Environment Agency, Teesside University, the local Wildlife Trust, the Parish Council and others to try to find a solution to this problem. Then, several site investigations were carried out with insights to build up a treatment plant. A major partnership project between us, the Coal Authority and Saltburn Gill Action Group has been working to clean up the pollution since 2008.<br /> <br /> During the summer of 2013, Defra provided funding for the Coal Authority to pump water from the mines and build the first stage of a treatment scheme. This first stage is a settlement lagoon where iron precipitates out of the mine water to form a sludge at the bottom. A temporary chemical dosing system helps to remove more iron while the second stage is being built. Clean water is put back into the Gill, and since January 2014, the stream is no longer orange.<br /> <br /> In the summer of 2014, work started on the second stage of the passive treatment scheme – made up of 4 settlement ponds, a sludge drying bed and a reed bed wetland. The abstracted mine water first flows over an aeration cascade, which adds oxygen to the water and improves the rate the iron oxidises into a precipitate. It then flows by gravity into settlement ponds, where the metals can settle out to the bottom. This process takes 1 to 2 days, and leaves a sludge, iron ochre, which is disposed of at a later date.<br /> <br /> After the mine water has passed through the settlement ponds it then flows by gravity into the reed bed wetland. The reeds act like a natural filter, removing the majority of the remaining metal pollution. Clean water is then returned to the Gill. Once the treatment scheme is finished, the chemical dosing system can be removed – reducing long-term costs. The construction phase should be completed in early 2015, and the reeds will be planted in May 2015. As well as filtering and cleaning the mine water, the reed beds will provide a valuable new habitat for wildlife. <br /> <br /> Laboratory and field scale tests have shown that up to 99% of the iron should be removed by the treatment plant, with the local economic benefits of raising the quality of the river and foreshore predicted to be around £10.5 million over 25 years. This significantly outweighs the predicted lifetime cost of building and running the treatment plant (~£7m).<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation:<br /> <br /> * The Saltburn Gill and Skelton Beck will no longer be polluted, and the risk of a catastrophic breakout of minewater will be reduced. <br /> * The aesthetic, ecological and recreational value of Saltburn Gill, Saltburn Beach and the Saltburn Gill Nature Reserve will be improved. <br /> * Improved bathing water quality on Saltburn beach, encouraging recreation that contributes to the local economy. <br /> * The water body will achieve good chemical and ecological status as required by the Northumbria River Basin Management Plan.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Saltburn Gill mine discharge point.JPG<br /> |Caption=Mine discharge point<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Impact on the Saltburn Gill stream I.JPG<br /> |Caption=Impact on the Saltburn Gill stream<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Impact on the Saltburn Gill stream II.JPG<br /> |Caption=Impact on the Saltburn Gill stream<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=The Saltburn Gill joining the Skelton Beck in Saltburn.JPG<br /> |Caption=The Saltburn Gill joining the Skelton Beck in Saltburn<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Aerial photo of the lower end of the Saltburn Beck.jpg<br /> |Caption=Aerial photo of the lower end of the Saltburn Beck<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Saltburn aeration.jpg<br /> |Caption=Saltburn aeration cascade, part of the minewater treatment system<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Saltburn settlement lagoons.jpg<br /> |Caption=Saltburn settlement ponds, foreground, with reed bed and drying lagoon behind <br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Saltburn MWTS schematic.jpg<br /> |Caption=Diagram showing the general layout of the minewater treatment scheme<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Saltburn Gill Catch trib of North Sea<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |Name=Saltburn Gill Nature Reserve<br /> |WFD water body code=GB103025071960<br /> |WFD (national) typology=Low, Small, Calcareous<br /> |WFD water body name=Saltburn Gill Catch trib of North Sea<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Site designation=UK - Site of Special Scientific Interest<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Project started=2009/07/01<br /> |Works started=2012/12/03<br /> |Total1 cost=700000<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations<br /> |Specific mitigation=Pollution incident,<br /> |Hydromorphological quality elements=Quantity &amp; dynamics of flow, <br /> |Physico-chemical quality elements=Oxygen balance, PH, <br /> }}<br /> {{Measures<br /> |Other technical measure=Construction of a Treatment Plant<br /> }}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Case study documents<br /> |File name=Saltburn case study July 2010.pdf<br /> |Description=EA, 2010. Abandoned mines case study: Saltburn Gill ironstone mines<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references<br /> |Link=www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-15002074<br /> |Description=BBC, 2011. Polluted Saltburn Gill in Cleveland gets cash for clean-up<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional links and references<br /> |Link=www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-20739848<br /> |Description=BBC, 2012. Saltburn polluted stream clean-up begins<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional links and references<br /> |Link=www.environment-agency.gov.uk/news/144707.aspx<br /> |Description=EA, 2012. Saltburn’s ochre stream set for clean up<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Saltburn_MWTS_schematic.jpg&diff=33786 2014-12-11T13:50:00Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Saltburn_settlement_lagoons.jpg&diff=33785 2014-12-11T13:48:36Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Saltburn_aeration.jpg&diff=33784 2014-12-11T13:47:54Z

<p>Embellamy: Saltburn aeration cascade, part of the minewater treatment scheme</p> <hr /> <div>Saltburn aeration cascade, part of the minewater treatment scheme</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Saltburn_Gill_ironstones_mines&diff=33782 2014-12-11T13:41:08Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Approved<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.571963, -0.960267<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Economic aspects, Social benefits, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Peter<br /> |Main contact surname=Aldred<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Contact organisation url=www.environment-agency.gov.uk/<br /> |Partner organisations=Environment Agency, DEFRA, The Coal Authority (UK)<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Saltburn Gill iron mines.png<br /> |Project summary=Saltburn Gill is a short coastal river, flowing into the North Sea across Saltburn Beach - a designated bathing water beach and one of the most popular surfing beaches on the east coast. The river extends inland for about 8km in a steep sided valley, part of the Saltburn Gill Nature Reserve Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).<br /> <br /> This on-going project targets a section of the Saltburn Gill that was negatively impacted by Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from abandoned mine workings, located upstream of the discharge point. Historically, East Cleveland was a major source of ore for the Teesside iron and steel industry, specially from the 1850’s until the early 1960’s. Afterwards, the decline of the mining activity resulted in an uncontrolled abandonment of the working mines in within the region. <br /> <br /> In May 1999, an uncontrolled mine discharge increased the typical iron levels of the Saltburn Beck from around 0.1 milligrammes per litre (mg/l) to in excess of 1200mg/l. Over 330kg of iron ochre was deposited on the stream bed every day. In one year, this is the equivalent of over 100 tonnes of iron being discharged into the North Sea. The devastating effects on the ecology readily appeared, mainly due to the drastic depletion in the oxygen levels. A biological impact survey of the stream showed that the pollution reduced the water quality of the beck from good to bad status along 2km of the watercourse, from the discharge point to the sea.<br /> <br /> The Saltburn Gill Action Group (SGAG) was set up in 2005 as a community action group. Assistance was given by The Environment Agency, Teesside University, the local Wildlife Trust, the Parish Council and others to try to find a solution to this problem. Then, several site investigations were carried out with insights to build up a treatment plant. A major partnership project between us, the Coal Authority and Saltburn Gill Action Group has been working to clean up the pollution since 2008.<br /> <br /> During the summer of 2013, Defra provided funding for the Coal Authority to pump water from the mines and build the first stage of a treatment scheme. This first stage is a settlement lagoon where iron precipitates out of the mine water to form a sludge at the bottom. A temporary chemical dosing system helps to remove more iron while the second stage is being built. Clean water is put back into the Gill, and since January 2014, the stream is no longer orange.<br /> <br /> In the summer of 2014, work started on the second stage of the passive treatment scheme – made up of 4 settlement ponds, a sludge drying bed and a reed bed wetland. The abstracted mine water first flows over an aeration cascade, which adds oxygen to the water and improves the rate the iron oxidises into a precipitate. It then flows by gravity into settlement ponds, where the metals can settle out to the bottom. This process takes 1 to 2 days, and leaves a sludge, iron ochre, which is disposed of at a later date.<br /> <br /> After the mine water has passed through the settlement ponds it then flows by gravity into the reed bed wetland. The reeds act like a natural filter, removing the majority of the remaining metal pollution. Clean water is then returned to the Gill. Once the treatment scheme is finished, the chemical dosing system can be removed – reducing long-term costs. The construction phase should be completed in early 2015, and the reeds will be planted in May 2015. As well as filtering and cleaning the mine water, the reed beds will provide a valuable new habitat for wildlife. <br /> <br /> Laboratory and field scale tests have shown that up to 99% of the iron should be removed by the treatment plant, with the local economic benefits of raising the quality of the river and foreshore predicted to be around £10.5 million over 25 years. This significantly outweighs the predicted lifetime cost of building and running the treatment plant (~£7m).<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation: <br /> • The Saltburn Gill and Skelton Beck will no longer be polluted, and the risk of a catastrophic breakout of minewater will be reduced. <br /> • The aesthetic, ecological and recreational value of Saltburn Gill, Saltburn Beach and the Saltburn Gill Nature Reserve will be improved. <br /> • Improved bathing water quality on Saltburn beach, encouraging recreation that contributes to the local economy. <br /> • The water body will achieve good chemical and ecological status as required by the Northumbria River Basin Management Plan. <br /> <br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Saltburn Gill mine discharge point.JPG<br /> |Caption=Mine discharge point<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Impact on the Saltburn Gill stream I.JPG<br /> |Caption=Impact on the Saltburn Gill stream<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Impact on the Saltburn Gill stream II.JPG<br /> |Caption=Impact on the Saltburn Gill stream<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=The Saltburn Gill joining the Skelton Beck in Saltburn.JPG<br /> |Caption=The Saltburn Gill joining the Skelton Beck in Saltburn<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=Aerial photo of the lower end of the Saltburn Beck.jpg<br /> |Caption=Aerial photo of the lower end of the Saltburn Beck<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Saltburn Gill Catch trib of North Sea<br /> }}<br /> {{Site<br /> |Name=Saltburn Gill Nature Reserve<br /> |WFD water body code=GB103025071960<br /> |WFD (national) typology=Low, Small, Calcareous<br /> |WFD water body name=Saltburn Gill Catch trib of North Sea<br /> |Heavily modified water body=No<br /> |Site designation=UK - Site of Special Scientific Interest<br /> |Protected species present=No<br /> |Invasive species present=No<br /> }}<br /> {{Project background<br /> |Project started=2009/07/01<br /> |Works started=2012/12/03<br /> |Total1 cost=700000<br /> }}<br /> {{Motivations<br /> |Specific mitigation=Pollution incident,<br /> |Hydromorphological quality elements=Quantity &amp; dynamics of flow, <br /> |Physico-chemical quality elements=Oxygen balance, PH, <br /> }}<br /> {{Measures<br /> |Other technical measure=Construction of a Treatment Plant<br /> }}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Case study documents<br /> |File name=Saltburn case study July 2010.pdf<br /> |Description=EA, 2010. Abandoned mines case study: Saltburn Gill ironstone mines<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references<br /> |Link=www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-15002074<br /> |Description=BBC, 2011. Polluted Saltburn Gill in Cleveland gets cash for clean-up<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional links and references<br /> |Link=www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tees-20739848<br /> |Description=BBC, 2012. Saltburn polluted stream clean-up begins<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional links and references<br /> |Link=www.environment-agency.gov.uk/news/144707.aspx<br /> |Description=EA, 2012. Saltburn’s ochre stream set for clean up<br /> }}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=File:Minsterley_map.jpg&diff=28909 2014-09-18T09:02:33Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Minsterley_Brook_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=28906 2014-09-18T08:32:32Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Andrew<br /> |Main contact surname=Pearson<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project picture=Wood adit.jpg<br /> |Picture description=Wood Adit<br /> |Project summary=Minsterley Brook catchment includes a number of separate mines as part of the South Shropshire Metal Mining area, including Snailbeach, Tankerville, and Roman Gravels mines. The catchment is part of the Rea Brook which drains into the main River Severn at Shrewsbury. The mines were worked for mainly lead ores, but also zinc ore and latterly barites until closure in the 1940s, leaving spoil deposits and drainage adits which discharge to Minsterley Brook at various points. The mines are a significant source of heavy metal pollution in the catchment, and the discharges from them represent one of the longest continuous sources of pollution in the whole Severn River Basin. <br /> <br /> Environment Agency routine monitoring found there were high levels of zinc in Minsterley Brook over most of its length, exceeding the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for the brook (75ug/l). As a result, the watercourse isn't achieving the 'Good status' for water quality as set out in our Severn River Basin Plan. The Boat Level adit discharge is the main source of the zinc (around 3000kg per annum) and other heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, and discharges these pollutants into the Hogstow Brook. Immediately downstream of the Boat Level adit the zinc concentrations are up to 47x the EQS. At Minsterley, the zinc concentrations are 8x the EQS. Downstream of the mines, concentrations exceed the EQS for over 15km, until the Rea Brook reaches Hanwood and dilution from other rivers lowers the concentration to below the EQS. <br /> <br /> Ecological surveys of the brooks have found aquatic insects were suffering as a result of these heavy metals, which can settle in river sediments. There is also a lower than expected population of small fish species. There are four other, smaller discharges of metals into the catchment from Snailbeach Spoil Tip, Wood Adit, Roman Gravels and Tankerville spoil tips, which together contribute about a quarter of the metal load in wet conditions. These spoil heaps are listed on the Mining Waste Directive Inventory of sites causing serious environmental harm. Snailbeach Spoil Tip (also known as White Tip) is part of the Snailbeach mine schedule monument, and “ranks as one of the best surviving examples of a lead mining complex&quot;.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency continue to investigate and monitor the water quality in the Minsterley and Rea Brooks, and with funding from Defra have set up a partnership with the Coal Authority to look at options for potentially removing the metals from discharges. The ultimate aim is to construct long term sustainable treatment schemes that deal with the problem at the source and help the Minsterley &amp; Rea Brooks to meet the EQS and return to 'Good' ecological and chemical status.<br /> <br /> Investigations to date have identified that the discharges from the Boat Level and Snailbeach Spoil Tip are the most feasible to be treated (subject to pilot trials), and the Coal Authority are carrying out comprehensive flow monitoring of these discharges. Using waters from Snailbeach Spoil tip, the partnership is working with academics and consultants to develop possible treatment technologies, such as ion exchange, to remove the metals from the discharges. Once treatment options have been identified, the partnership will consult with the public and other stakeholders on the next stages.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> }}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:West_Allen:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26548 2014-08-12T13:59:42Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.8010098, -2.3111330000000407<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), <br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The upper reaches of the West Allen have been mined for mainly lead, but also zinc and barium, with the main sites at Coalcleugh at the head of the river and Barney Craig and Scraithole mines at Carrshields about 2kms downstream. Most mining activity took place between the late 1700s and 1920, although a small amount of mineral was extracted from Scraithole mine in the 1980s.<br /> <br /> An extensive legacy of mining remains in the West Allen valley. At Coalcleugh there are wide areas of spoil which have become vegetated but still pollute the river and are listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY. At Carrshields, the west side of the river is bounded by steep spoil heaps from Scraithole mine and these are being gradually eroded by the river. The east side of the river has the retaining wall for the Barney Craig tailings dam as its boundary, and this wall is gradually collapsing into the river. It is only a matter of time before large volumes of metal rich fine material enter the watercourse.<br /> <br /> The tailings dam is a Scheduled Ancient Monument that English Heritage have identified as being &quot;At Risk&quot;. All three mines have adit discharges with water containing high levels of cadmium, lead and zinc entering the West Allen. The Barney Craig discharge causes the most significant pollution in the river.<br /> <br /> A number of studies have been carried out on metal pollution in the West Allen. In 1997, a report by ENTEC for the Environment Agency recommended stabilisation of the spoil heaps at Barney Craig and Scraithole mines; no action was taken due to lack of funds. A PhD study by Emma Gozzard (Newcastle University) in 2008 showed how the mines, particularly the Barney Craig discharge, impacted the whole West Allen, River Allen and South Tyne. This study showed that in higher flows the diffuse sources of metals such as run-off from the tailings dam and re-suspension of contaminated sediments become much more significant in the overall metal loading to the river.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency are working with the Coal Authority and North Pennines Area of Outstanding Beauty to look at options for remediation and reduction of metal pollution in the West Allen. This work is funded by Defra. The first priority is stabilising the Barney Craig tailings dam to prevent a catastrophic collapse. If it happened, this would deposit up to 48,000 cubic metres of spoil into the river, containing an estimated 47 tonnes of lead and 62 tonnes of zinc. At the same time, work will be carried out to limit water ingress to the mine workings - making treatment of the adit discharge easier. This mine is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and we're working closely with English Heritage to preserve the integrity of the site as well as reducing the pollution risk.<br /> <br /> Investigations by Newcastle University indicate that the West Allen catchment alone contributes about 20% of the total load of metals reaching the Tyne estuary every year. Reducing the inputs from mines in the West Allen would improve the water quality of the River Allen and help reduce the risks sediment quality in the Tyne estuary.<br /> <br /> Impact of the Barney Craig discharge:<br /> • Length of watercourse affected = 20km (three water bodies)<br /> • Average metal concentration: Zinc = 2.0 mg/l; Cadmium = 3 ug/l<br /> • Average flow = 25 l/sec<br /> • Load of zinc discharged per annum = 3.5 Tonnes<br /> • Water body ecological status = Moderate<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> • The River Tyne will be protected from a major pollution source<br /> • A scheduled ancient monument will be prevented from being damaged by high river levels<br /> • Risk of a catastrophic collapse of a tailings dam is reduced, preventing 47 tonnes of lead and 62 tonnes of zinc entering the river.<br /> • We're developing partnerships with important stakeholders and using our position as an influential advisor to secure shared environmental outcomes<br /> • Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical status<br /> • 3.5 tonnes of zinc would be prevented from entering R Tyne every year<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Sharnberry_Mine:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26547 2014-08-12T13:53:24Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.6585727, -1.9324573999999756<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), <br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Sharnberry mine is at the far eastern edge of the North Pennine orefield, in the Pennine Moors between the River Wear and River Tees. The mine was worked for Fluorspar until it closed in 1982, leaving spoil deposits and an adit which discharges to the Euden Beck - a tributary of the Bedburn Beck and River Wear.<br /> <br /> Our routine monitoring found there were high levels of zinc in the Bedburn Beck where it joins the River Wear. These high zinc levels exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for the Bedburn Beck, meaning that the watercourse (four water bodies) isn't achieving the 'good status' for water quality that is set out in our Northumbria River Basin Plan. We discovered that the Sharnberry Mine Adit is the main source of the zinc and other heavy metals such as cadmium and lead, and is discharging these pollutants into the Euden Beck and causing pollution up to 15 km downstream in the Bedburn Beck. We recently carried out an ecological survey of the Euden Beck and found the aquatic life was suffering as a result of these heavy metals, which can settle in river sediments.<br /> <br /> We're continuing to investigate and monitor the water quality in the Bedburn Beck and its tributaries, and we've set up a partnership with the Coal Authority and the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership (AONB) to look at options for removing the metals from the Sharnberry mine discharge to improve the water quality of the surrounding watercourses. Newcastle University are carrying out trials of treatment technologies which we could use to remove the heavy metals from the Sharnberry mine discharge, preventing the problem at the source and helping the Bedburn Beck to meet the EQS and return to 'good' ecological status.<br /> <br />  Euden Beck and Bedburn Beck both fail their EQS for zinc. Immediately downstream of the mine the zinc concentrations are up to 110 times the EQS. Fifteen kilometres downstream of the mine in the Bedburn Beck, zinc is five times the EQS.<br />  In times of low flow the Sharnberry mine is contributing more zinc than reaches the River Wear, indicating metals are being retained in the river sediments.<br />  When the river flows increase, a greater load of metals reaches the end of the catchment. Additional metals are being washed in with rainfall from spoil deposits and from mobilising the metals previously retained within the river sediments.<br />  Treatment of the mine discharge to remove the metals could enable 15km of river to pass the EQS and four waterbodies to be returned to good ecological status.<br /> <br /> Impact of the minewater discharge:<br />  15km length of watercourse affected (four water bodies)<br />  Average metal concentration of Zinc = 1.8 mg/l, Cadmium = 3.2 ug/l<br />  Average flow is 12 l/sec<br />  Load of zinc discharged per annum = 700 kg<br />  Water body ecological status/potential is Moderate<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br />  The River Wear will be protected from a major pollution source<br />  We're developing partnerships with important stakeholders and using our position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards WFD Good Ecological status compliance in four waterbodies<br />  700kg of zinc would be prevented from entering R Wear every year<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Bedburn Beck from Source to Euden Beck<br /> }}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:River_Seaton:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26541 2014-08-12T13:43:43Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.514, -4.453999999999951<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Seaton catchment is heavily impacted by historic mining activity throughout its entire length, but especially in the upper reaches around South Caradon mine. The mine is located on the South Eastern edge of Bodmin Moor in South East Cornwall. It is cut through by the River Seaton, which is fed by groundwater as well as surface runoff during heavy rain events. Ore processing at South Caradon mine started in 1838, at which time the mine covered most of the south side of Caradon Hill, and finished in 1890. When South Caradon finally closed it left miners with no prospects of work anywhere else in the Duchy. Many went to England to find work in factories or coal mines, but large numbers emigrated to work metal mines all around the world.<br /> <br /> From the remains on the site and documented history, it is known that the processing of material from the mine shafts was carried out within the River Seaton valley. River water from the Seaton was used<br /> in the separation process, and waste water with a high concentration of metal solutes, sand, and silt-sized particles, was discharged directly into the River Seaton. Processing of Cu bearing ore at South<br /> Caradon mine involved the heating, pulverizing and dissolving of metals and their compounds, resulting in release of Cu and Zn into the surrounding environment. The legacy of these processes is a<br /> proliferation of tips, disused shafts and 3 adit discharges which between them contribute high levels of Zinc, Copper and Cadmium to the river.<br /> <br /> When water quality and flow data are combined, it is evident that the most important sources of Cu, Cd and Zn contamination in the River Seaton are Jopes Adit, and the '3 Adit Streams'. Although the<br /> 3 Adit Streams discharge from beneath a rock tip, the chemistry results indicate that the 3 Adit Streams and Jopes Adit discharges are related in terms of source. Tip run-off is an additional significant source of Cu, Cd and Zn entering the main stream, particularly in prolonged heavy rain conditions. The site is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY since the wastes cause more than 500 metres of the river to be polluted. <br /> <br /> Most of the mine site is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) since the high metal concentrations in the soil support specialised flora of rare mosses and liverworts. This is one of two<br /> sites in the world where the Cornish path-moss occurs. The Caradon Mining District is part of the CORNISH MINING WORLD HERITAGE site.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency are working with the Coal Authority to develop remedial options to address the pollution and return the river to good status.<br /> <br /> Impact of the Jopes Adit discharge<br />  Length of watercourse affected = 17km<br />  Average metal concentration: Zinc = 510ug/l; Copper = 1180ug/l; Cadmium = 1.5ug/l<br />  Average flow = 56 l/sec<br />  Load of Zinc discharged per day = 2.5kg<br />  Load of Copper discharged per day = 5.8kg<br />  Water body ecological status = Poor<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br />  The River Seaton will be protected from a major pollution source<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical status<br />  912 kg of Zinc and 2,100 kg of Copper would be prevented from entering R Seaton every year<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Rookhope_Burn:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26533 2014-08-12T13:15:31Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.76923009999999, -2.1314678999999614<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), <br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Rookhope Burn is in the North Pennine orefield, and mining has been carried out in the valley for over 200 years - mainly for lead and fluorspar along with small deposits of copper and iron. This has left a legacy of mine water drainage adits and spoil heaps throughout the area. The last working fluorspar mine in the north of England, at Grove Rake, closed in 1999. In 2007, a new mine water breakout occurred, thought to be due to a blockage within the Tail Race level, which drains the abandoned mines further up the valley. This caused a large hole and a new discharge near to the old Rispey mine.<br /> <br /> Water quality monitoring by the Environment Agency found there were high concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in the Rookhope Burn where it joins the River Wear. These high metal levels damage river life (insects and fish) and exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for the Rookhope Burn, meaning that the watercourse isn't achieving the 'good status' for water quality that is set out in our Northumbria River Basin Plan. We found there are inputs of metals from disused adits and diffuse sources along the whole length of the Rookhope Burn but the largest single source is from the new breakout, which if cleaned up could improve over 8km of river. Fish surveys carried out by the Environment Agency in 2009 found reasonably good numbers of brown trout in the upper reaches of the Rookhope Burn and downstream of Rookhope Village but very poor numbers in the middle section - this was attributed to the impact of the Rispey mine discharge.<br /> <br /> We're continuing to investigate and monitor the water quality in the Rookhope Burn, and with funding from Defra, we've set up a partnership with the Coal Authority and the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Partnership (AONB) to look at options for removing the metals from the Rispey discharge to improve the water quality of the watercourse. Newcastle University are carrying out trials of treatment technologies which we could use to remove the heavy metals from the Rispey discharge, preventing the problem at the source and helping the Rookhope Burn to meet the EQS and return to 'good' ecological status.<br /> <br /> • The Rookhope Burn fails its EQS for cadmium, lead and zinc.<br /> • In times of low flow the Rispey discharge is contributing more zinc than reaches the River Wear indicating metals are being retained in the river sediments.<br /> • When the river flows increase, a greater load of metals reaches the end of the catchment than enters the Rookhope Burn from the Rispey discharge. Additional metals are being washed into the river from mining spoil by rainfall, and from mobilising the metals previously retained within the river sediments.<br /> • Treating the mine water discharge to remove the metals could enable 8km of river to pass the EQS and help the waterbody improve to good ecological and chemical status.<br /> <br /> Impact of the minewater discharge<br /> • Length of watercourse affected is 8km (one water body)<br /> • Average metal concentration: Zinc 1.5 mg/l<br /> Cadmium 1.5 ug/l<br /> • Average flow 35 l/sec<br /> • Load of zinc discharged per annum 1.5 Tonnes<br /> • Water body ecological status is Moderate<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> • The River Wear will be protected from a major pollution source<br /> • We are using compelling evidence to drive our decisions<br /> • We are developing partnerships with important stakeholders and using our position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br /> • Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical status<br /> • 1.5 Tonnes of zinc would be prevented from entering River Wear every year<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Rookhope Burn from Source to Wear<br /> }}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:The_Red_River:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26527 2014-08-12T12:38:52Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.2302983, -5.30518219999999<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), <br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Red River catchment is made up of three waterbodies - the Upper and Lower Red River and the Roseworthy Stream. The river drains a relatively small but intensively mined area of south-west Cornwall. Unlike many of the rivers impacted by metal mines in Cornwall, the Red River is affected not only by the legacy of historic mining throughout the catchment, but also, in the lower catchment, by more recent workings from South Crofty Tin Mine. Whereas most metal mines in Cornwall had ceased working by the early 1900's, 'Crofty' didn't close until 1998. There has been talk of re-starting production but as of June 2013 the site owner, Western United Mines' went into administration and there are no other plans to re-open the mine.<br /> <br /> Historic water quality data shows that Red River waters were severely affected by local mining activities between 1980 and 1998. In particular, waters arising from the South Crofty site during this period contained very high levels of particulate metal pollutants such as iron, zinc, copper and cadmium. The closure of South Crofty mine in 1998 resulted in a significant decrease in total metal concentrations downstream from the working site, although elevated levels of metals continue to arise from waters draining through historic mine workings such as the Treskillard Stream and Dolcoath deep adit discharge. In contrast to these improvements in river water quality, the closure and flooding of South Crofty mine (1998-2000) resulted in significant deterioration in the quality of Red River waters flowing downstream past Roscroggan portal (the Dolcoath adit discharge). Water quality data for the discharge, via Roscroggan portal, show that very high peaks in metal contaminant concentrations (along with additional flows) coincided with the decant of South Crofty mine waters in early November 2000.<br /> <br /> More recent work has shown that the upper catchment is dominated by elevated copper from the Treskillard stream which drains abandoned mines from the south east of Camborne, and that under wet weather conditions there are additional inputs from tips and spoil heaps. In terms of impacts, in the Treskillard stream concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd have been found to be 163ug/L, 363ug/L and 0.42ug/L respectively, with annual load of Zn of 230kg and Cu of 442kg. For the Dolcoath Adit the concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd are 766ug/L, 23ug/L and 1.42ug/L respectively. The annual load of Zn is 3,400kg, and 106kg Cu.<br /> <br />  Waterbody ecological status is Moderate<br />  Length of watercourse affected is 12km<br />  Water quality at WFD point (Gwithian) (ug/l): Zn = 196 (EQS = 75); Cu = 11.8 (EQS = 10); Cd = 0.28 (EQS = 0.15)<br />  Likely bioavailable EQS at Gwithian (ug/l): Zn = 16; Cu = 7<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:River_Nent:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26525 2014-08-12T12:28:46Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.7976965, -2.386627200000021<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), <br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=There have been lead mines in the Nent valley since Roman times, and over 90 mine entries have been recorded throughout the area. As technology advanced in the 1700s and 1800s and longer tunnels and drainage levels could be constructed, the centres of activity became concentrated around Nenthead and Nentsberry. The Nent Force drainage Level was constructed in the 1800s and runs over 7 miles from the Nenthead mines to discharge in Alston. By the 1920s mining had ceased, but during the second world war spoil heaps were reworked for lead and zinc, leaving behind large tailings dams downstream of Nenthead village. In 1998 these were capped and stabilised by Cumbria County Council.<br /> <br /> The history and extent of mining here has left large areas of contaminated spoil with little vegetation cover - as a result, spoil is being eroded by the high rainfall and washed into the River Nent. Two sites in the catchment are listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY since they cause serious pollution. Many of the spoil heaps are protected as Scheduled Ancient Monuments for industrial heritage and/or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), as the high metal levels allow unusual calaminarian grasslands to flourish. There are four major mine water discharges which pollute the river with cadmium, zinc and lead, and several smaller discharges in the valley.<br /> <br /> The many inputs of metals into the River Nent cause average concentrations of 1,500 ug/l zinc, 3 ug/l cadmium (exceeding the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) by over 30 times) and 15 ug/l lead (twice the EQS). Due to this very high pollution, very little invertebrate life can live in a 10km+ stretch of the river. The River Nent joins the River South Tyne at Alston, causing it to also fail EQS for zinc and cadmium for 50 km downstream.<br /> <br /> Investigations by Newcastle University indicate that the River Nent contributes over 50% of the total load of metals (lead and zinc) reaching the Tyne estuary every year. Reducing the inputs from mines in the River Nent would improve the water quality of the River South Tyne and help reduce the risks to sediment quality in the Tyne estuary. The Environment Agency have teamed up with other partners to look at ways to reduce the polluting effects of the mines on the River Nent, with funding from Defra. We're working with the Coal Authority and Newcastle University to find ways of passively removing zinc from mine water discharges at Nenthead. We're also working with the Tyne Rivers Trust and North Pennines AONB Partnership to stabilise the spoil using metal tolerant plants. This will help reduce the amounts of metal-rich sediments being washed into the river. The Nenthead mines site is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a SSSI, and we are working with Natural England to monitor spoil erosion and minimise the deterioration of the heritage.<br /> <br /> There are so many point and diffuse sources of zinc, cadmium and lead in the area that we're unlikely to be able to achieve EQS in the River Nent itself. However, we hope to be able significantly improve water quality and therefore achieve good status in around 50 km of the River South Tyne.<br /> <br /> Impact of mine water discharges in the River Nent (four discharges):<br /> • Length of watercourse affected=50km (five water bodies)<br /> • Average metal concentration: Zinc = 1.5-6.8 mg/l; Cadmium = 3-12 ug/l<br /> • Average flow = 2-14 l/sec<br /> • Load of zinc discharged per annum = 25 Tonnes<br /> • Water body ecological status = Moderate<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> • The River Tyne will be protected from a major pollution source<br /> • A scheduled ancient monument is prevented from being damaged by water erosion<br /> • We're developing partnerships with important stakeholders and using our position as an influential advisor to secure shared environmental outcomes<br /> • Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical status<br /> • 25 Tonnes of zinc would be prevented from entering R Tyne every year<br /> <br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Carnon_River:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26507 2014-08-12T11:06:36Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=50.23983639999999, -5.140481799999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Carnon River catchment is located in a region of Cornwall historically renowned for tin and copper mining activities. It flows through an area described in the 19th century as ‘the richest square mile anywhere on<br /> earth’ and is now part of the Cornish Mining World Heritage Site http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/areas-places-activities/gwennap-kennall-vale-and-perran-foundry). Mining in the catchment started with simple tin streaming to exploit the alluvial tin deposits along the river. By the early 18th century, the area became one of the most heavily mined, with deep workings across the region exploring the rich mineral lodes for tin, copper, arsenic, silver and lead. Some of the workings associated with Wheal Jane and Mount Wellington mines were extended underneath the river itself at a very shallow depth – just a few metres below the surface.<br /> <br /> The entire length of the river is impacted by historic mining, as are both major tributaries, with numerous individual sources. The headwaters around Chacewater contain several historic mining and processing sites, notably Wheal Daniell. Further downstream at Twelveheads, the St Day Stream joins, carrying drainage from the Wheal Maid mine and tailings dam as well as other mineworkings in the Poldice Valley. Below Twelveheads, the County Adit discharges into the Carnon. This is not associated with one particular mine, rather it drains a huge heavily mined area to the west of the river. Construction of the Great County Adit started in 1748, and it is made up of a network of tunnels nearly 40 miles in length, draining over 100 individual mines. Recent data suggest County Adit contributes 70-80% of downstream loadings of<br /> cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc, and effectively 100% of arsenic and iron. The average annual loads from the adit are: Cd 20 kg; Ni 570 kg; As 1,500 kg; Cu 1,600 kg; Zn 13,700 kg; Fe 80,000 kg.<br /> <br /> There are large areas of mine spoil along the river valley sides which are almost certainly causing diffuse impacts in wet weather. For example, monitoring by the Environment Agency showed that the Wheal Maid tailings dam is causing serious environmental impacts and it has therefore been included on the inventory of abandoned mine waste facilities required by the EU Mining Waste Directive (http://apps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/139297.aspx).<br /> <br /> Further downstream, the biggest tributary, the Hicks Mill Stream, enters the main Carnon. This drains a very heavily mined area on the outskirts of Redruth and contributes 20-25% of loadings of cadmium, copper and zinc. Also here at Bissoe is the Wheal Jane mine site and tailings dam. Wheal Jane was the last operating mine in the area, but when it finally closed in 1991, the dewatering pumps were<br /> removed and the workings flooded. In January 1992 a massive uncontrolled release of highly acidic minewater occurred through the Nangiles adit portal. This became one of the most notorious pollution incidents in South West history with a large area of the Fal Estuary stained bright orange by the resultant plume. Although the effect was determined to be short-term, options for long term treatment of the Wheal Jane minewaters needed to be explored. Passive treatment was trialled but ultimately found to be inadequate and since 2000, a full scale treatment plant has operated at the mine site, discharging treated minewater into the Carnon via the Clemmows Stream.<br /> <br /> WFD Compliance<br /> The whole river length from headwaters to tidal limit is non-compliant with Water Framework Directive Standards to varying degrees for cadmium, nickel, arsenic, copper, zinc and iron. The WFD monitoring site at Bissoe is below all the main impacts and most recent mean levels here are: Cd 1.72ug/l (EQS = 0.09); Ni 35ug/l (EQS = 20); As 80ug/l (EQS = 50); Cu 123ug/l (bioavailable EQS ~2); Zn 1054ug/l (bioavailable EQS ~12); Fe 2578ug/l (EQS = 1,000).<br /> <br /> All of these are non-compliant, but copper and zinc concentrations are approximately 80-90 times the standard for good status, whilst cadmium (a Priority Hazardous Substance under the WFD) concentrations are about 20 times the level needed to achieve good status. Invertebrate surveys here have also exhibited ‘poor’ or ‘bad’ status. The river is effectively dead in terms of ecology.<br /> <br /> Remediation<br /> Treatment and management of the Wheal Jane minewaters will continue under the Coal Authority with funding from Defra. However, because of the extent, number and nature of other abandoned metal mines impacting the catchment, we do not currently know if it will be technically feasible to clean up the river at an acceptable cost.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=130708 Wheal Maid tailings lower.JPG<br /> |Caption=Wheal Maid tailings dam, looking east (July 2013)<br /> }}<br /> {{Case study image<br /> |File name=DSC03296.JPG<br /> |Caption=Wheal Maid tailings dam, looking west (June 2014)<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gunnerside_Gill:_Abandoned_metal_mines&diff=26503 2014-08-12T10:52:47Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.3794828, -2.0729564000000664<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), <br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=Gunnerside Gill, in the Humber River Basin District, is located to the west of Richmond, North Yorkshire in upper Swaledale. The area was mined for lead, zinc and barium between 1700 and 1900. Cadmium occurs as a significant impurity in the lead-zinc minerals. The mineralisation occurs along vertical faults in the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit rocks at Gunnerside Gill and adjoining areas of Swaledale in Yorkshire, and forms part of the North Pennine Orefield.<br /> <br /> There is an extensive legacy of metal mining at Gunnerside Gill including many shafts, adits and drainage levels with several smelters and associated ore dressing floors. There are large areas of unvegetated<br /> spoil and bare rock exposed in deep hushes. Some spoil tips, such as at Dolly Mine, have steep unstable slopes that are being constantly eroded at the base by Gunnerside Gill, which also cuts through spoil in dressing floors situated in the valley bottom. Gunnerside Gill catchment (13sq.lm) is entirely within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and almost all of the catchment is co-designated as SSSI, SAC and SPA with some scheduled Ancient Woodland in the valley bottom above Gunnerside village. All of the mine site buildings are derelict, but there are 9 Scheduled Ancient Monuments including parts of the Blakethwaite, Lownathwaite, Bunton, Dolly, Barbara and Sir Francis mines. Bunton Lead Mine is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY.<br /> <br /> There are 19 adits/levels identified in the catchment, and 2 of these, Bunton Level and Sir Francis Level, were purposely constructed as drainage levels and still have permanent discharge flows, with water<br /> containing high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium entering Gunnerside Gill. Chemical sampling of the tributary that flows from Kining Level indicates that there may be consistent flows here also.<br /> A number of single sampling events to investigate metal pollution of Gunnerside Gill and to establish the Mining Waste Directive inventory were carried out by the Environment Agency and Hull University in 2010 and 2011. These studies all showed concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd above their respective EQS values of 7.2, 50, and 0.09ug/L (Zn and Cd are hardness based), while Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations were acceptable.<br /> <br /> Based on the above findings, a catchment characterisation programme was implemented in 2012-2013 using Defra funding, provided to investigate water pollution from abandoned metal mines. This project comprised monthly water quality sampling and simultaneous spot flow gauging at 6 locations, including the Bunton and Sir Francis Level discharges. An extra location was later added to investigate potential<br /> contribution of metal loading from Kining Level. The water quality results showed that the discharges from Bunton Level and Sir Francis Level contained the highest metal concentrations as follows:<br />  Bunton Level average concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 50 Zn = 800 Cd = 8<br />  Sir Francis Level average concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 25 Zn = 1650 Cd = 14<br /> <br /> Metal loading was calculated from the concentration and flow data. When metal loadings were examined under different flow conditions, the contribution from the point source adit discharges were more significant during low flows, but less so in high flow conditions, when diffuse sources from spoil tips and re-suspension of contaminated sediments become more significant in the overall metal loading to<br /> Gunnerside Gill and entering the River Swale.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency has collaborated with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and funded a heritage survey report, to look at options for remediation and reduction of metal pollution of Gunnerside Gill that do not adversely affect the integrity of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments.<br /> <br /> Impacts of metal mining at Gunnerside Gill<br />  Length of watercourse affected 6km to confluence with River Swale<br />  Average flow at the Swale confluence 150L/s<br />  Average metal concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 30 Zn = 170 Cd = 1.6<br />  Average metal loading (kg/year): Pb = 140 Zn = 800 Cd = 8<br />  Water body WFD status in 2009: Ecology = Good Chemistry = DNRA<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation:<br />  The River Swale will be protected from major metal pollution sources<br />  Scheduled Ancient Monuments will not be damaged by any remedial actions<br />  Developing partnerships with important stakeholders (YDNPA and Coal Authority) and using our<br /> position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical Status under WFD<br /> |Monitoring surveys and results=An ecological monitoring programme was also undertaken to complement the water quality study and<br /> investigate the effects of metal pollution on macrophytes, invertebrates and diatoms. The ecological<br /> surveys were carried out in 3 seasonal sampling events over 2 years. Preliminary results show little<br /> adverse effects on invertebrates and macrophytes, but distortion of diatom valves in some species.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Gunnerside Gill from Source to River Swale<br /> }}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Gategill_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26502 2014-08-12T10:39:22Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.62094020000001, -3.0456781999999975<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), <br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Threlkeld mine was worked for lead and zinc between 1661 and 1928. The mine has a long history of causing pollution and fish kills, and the owners were first prosecuted in 1890. The mine is a significant source of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium and zinc, in Gategill Beck and the River Glenderamackin, which fails to achieve 'Good' status for the Water Framework Directive. The metal pollution also affects the River Derwent and Bassenthwaite Lake Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The main source of metals is the Woodend Low Level but there is also diffuse pollution from waste spoil heaps. Until March 2011, the Woodend Low Level drainage tunnel was partially blocked and mine water had built-up behind the entrance. We have now cleared this blockage to prevent an uncontrolled breakout that might have caused a significant pollution incident.<br /> <br /> In 2010, we investigated the impacts from the mine with funding from Defra. Our monitoring confirmed that the Woodend Low Level is one of the most polluting mine waters in the UK. In April 2012 we started more detailed monitoring of pollution from the mine using new funding from Defra. To help us, the Coal Authority installed a weir at the Woodend Low Level so we can measure the flow more accurately. We have also built three temporary weirs in Gategill Beck to work out how much pollution comes from the spoil heaps. We are collecting samples monthly for a year to confirm the pollution caused by the mine. We will then work with the Coal Authority to identify what can be done to clean up the pollution.<br /> <br /> Key findings from the 2010 monitoring and the initial 2012 data are:<br /> • Immediately downstream of the mine, metal concentrations in Gategill Beck are up to 1900 times the zinc environmental quality standard (EQS: 8 μg/l) and 375 times the cadmium EQS (0.08 μg/l). Even after dilution in the River Glenderamackin, two kilometres downstream, the zinc and cadmium concentrations are still up to 40 and 8 times the EQS respectively.<br /> • Zinc and cadmium concentrations in the River Glenderamackin upstream of the confluence with Gategill Beck are almost always below the EQS. Copper is slightly above the EQS.<br /> • At the Threlkeld flow gauging station on the River Glenderamackin, the average zinc loading from Gategill Beck is 8 tonnes per year, plus <br /> 24 kg/yr cadmium. At higher flows, this increases to 18 t/yr zinc and 69 kg/yr cadmium.<br /> • Metal concentrations and flow from the Woodend Low Level do not significantly change, so the increased metal loading measured in the river at high flow is probably due to diffuse inputs from spoil heaps and re-suspension of contaminated sediments.<br /> <br /> There is another problem in Gategill Beck. Two dams that were built in the stream to provide water for the mine are thought to be unstable. There is a high risk that culverts beneath them could collapse or be blocked up by trees or other debris during high flows. This could lead to the dams collapsing or flooding, which may affect properties and the A66 trunk road. In June 2012 a storm event caused a land slip at the top of Yellow Dam, and destabilised banks of the watercourse immediately downstream.<br /> <br /> Impact of the mine<br /> • Length of watercourse affected: 16 km<br /> • Average metal concentration: Zinc = 39,820 μg/l, Cadmium = 79 μg/l, Lead = 441 μg/l, Nickel = 283 μg/l<br /> • Load of zinc discharged per annum: up to 18 tonnes<br /> • Load of cadmium discharged per annum: up to 69 kg<br /> • Water body ecological status/potential: Moderate (River Glenderamackin, River Derwent)<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br /> • Bassenthwaite Lake SSSI would be protected from a major pollution source<br /> • The river corridor in a Special Area of Conservation would be improved<br /> • Ecological improvements would be made to up to 16 km of river (Glenderamackin, Derwent)<br /> • 18 tonnes of zinc and 69 kg of cadmium would be prevented from entering the river<br /> • The estimated economic benefit of achieving Good Ecological Potential in the River Glenderamackin downstream of the mine is approximately £1.9 million over 25 years, with a further £1.6 million benefit from improving the River Derwent (upstream of Bassenthwaite Lake)<br /> • Local properties and infrastructure could be protected from a significant flooding and pollution event<br /> • Partnerships with the local community, Eden District Council, Natural England and the National Park could be developed. The Environment Agency is working with the Coal Authority to clean up pollution from abandoned metal mines to deliver a cleaner water environment with funding from Defra.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Barney_Beck:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=26497 2014-08-12T10:25:13Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location<br /> |Location=54.38647599999999, -1.9747969999999668<br /> }}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK), <br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=Barney Beck, in the Humber River Basin District, is located to the west of Richmond, North Yorkshire in upper Swaledale.The area was mined for lead, zinc and barium between 1700 and 1900. Cadmium occurs as a significant impurity in the lead-zinc minerals. The mineralisation occurs along vertical faults in the Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit rocks at Barney Beck and adjoining areas of Swaledale in Yorkshire, and forms part of the North Pennine Orefield.<br /> <br /> There is an extensive legacy of metal mining at Barney Beck including many shafts, adits and drainage levels with several smelters and associated ore dressing floors. There are large areas of un-vegetated<br /> spoil and bare rock exposed in deep hushes. Some spoil tips, such as at Old Gang Smelt Mill, have steep unstable slopes that are being constantly eroded at the base by Barney Beck. Barney Beck catchment (17sq.km) is entirely within the Yorkshire Dales National Park and almost all of the catchment is co-designated as SSSI, SAC and SPA with some scheduled Ancient Woodland in the valley bottom above Healaugh village. All of the mine site buildings are derelict, but there are 2 Scheduled Ancient Monuments comprising the Old Gang Smelt Mill and Surrender Smelt Mill complexes. Barras End Lead Mine is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY.<br /> <br /> There are 13 adits/levels identified in the catchment, and 2 of these, Hard Level and Spence Level, were purposely constructed as drainage levels and still have permanent discharge flows, with water containing high concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium entering Barney Beck. <br /> <br /> A number of single sampling events to investigate metal pollution of Barney Beck and to establish the Mining Waste Directive inventory were carried out by the Environment Agency and Hull University in 2010 and 2011. These studies all showed concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd above their respective EQS values of 7.2, 50, and 0.09ug/L (Zn and Cd are hardness based), while Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations were acceptable. Based on the above findings, a catchment characterisation programme was implemented in 2012-2013 using Defra funding, provided to investigate water pollution from abandoned metal mines. This project comprised monthly water quality sampling at 9 locations with simultaneous spot flow gauging at 6 locations including the Hard Level and Spence Level discharges. The water quality results showed that the discharge from Hard Level contained the highest metal concentrations, with Pb at 130ug/L; Zn at 530ug/L and Cd at 4ug/L<br /> <br /> Metal loading was calculated from the concentration and flow data. When metal loadings were examined under different flow conditions, the contribution from the point source adit discharges were more significant during low flows, but less so in high flow conditions, when diffuse sources from spoil tips and re-suspension of contaminated sediments become more significant in the overall metal loading to<br /> Barney Beck and entering the River Swale.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency has collaborated with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and funded a heritage survey report, to look at options for remediation and reduction of metal pollution of Barney Beck that do not adversely affect the integrity of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments.<br /> <br /> Overview of the impact of metal mining at Barney Beck:<br />  Length of watercourse affected 7km to confluence with River Swale<br />  Average flow at the Swale confluence 110L/s<br />  Average metal concentrations (ug/L): Pb = 80 Zn = 130 Cd = 1.1<br />  Average metal loading (kg/year): Pb = 500 Zn = 700 Cd = 6<br />  Water body WFD status in 2009: Ecology = Good Chemistry = DNRA<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br />  The River Swale will be protected from major metal pollution sources<br />  Scheduled Ancient Monuments will not be damaged by any remedial actions<br />  Developing partnerships with important stakeholders (YDNPA and Coal Authority) and using our<br /> position as an influential advisor to deliver shared environmental outcomes<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical Status under WFD<br /> |Monitoring surveys and results=An ecological monitoring programme was also undertaken to complement the water quality study and investigate the effects of metal pollution on macrophytes, invertebrates and diatoms. The ecological surveys were carried out in 3 seasonal sampling events over 2 years. Preliminary results show little adverse effects on invertebrates and macrophytes, but distortion of diatom valves in some species.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment<br /> |Subcatchment=Barney Bk/Hard Level Gill from Source to R Swale<br /> }}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:River_Seaton:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=25473 2014-08-08T09:17:30Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location}}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Seaton catchment is heavily impacted by historic mining activity throughout its entire length, but especially in the upper reaches around South Caradon mine. The mine is located on the South Eastern edge of Bodmin Moor in South East Cornwall. It is cut through by the River Seaton, which is fed by groundwater as well as surface runoff during heavy rain events. Ore processing at South Caradon mine started in 1838, at which time the mine covered most of the south side of Caradon Hill, and finished in 1890. When South Caradon finally closed it left miners with no prospects of work anywhere else in the Duchy. Many went to England to find work in factories or coal mines, but large numbers emigrated to work metal mines all around the world.<br /> <br /> From the remains on the site and documented history, it is known that the processing of material from the mine shafts was carried out within the River Seaton valley. River water from the Seaton was used<br /> in the separation process, and waste water with a high concentration of metal solutes, sand, and silt-sized particles, was discharged directly into the River Seaton. Processing of Cu bearing ore at South<br /> Caradon mine involved the heating, pulverizing and dissolving of metals and their compounds, resulting in release of Cu and Zn into the surrounding environment. The legacy of these processes is a<br /> proliferation of tips, disused shafts and 3 adit discharges which between them contribute high levels of Zinc, Copper and Cadmium to the river.<br /> <br /> When water quality and flow data are combined, it is evident that the most important sources of Cu, Cd and Zn contamination in the River Seaton are Jopes Adit, and the '3 Adit Streams'. Although the<br /> 3 Adit Streams discharge from beneath a rock tip, the chemistry results indicate that the 3 Adit Streams and Jopes Adit discharges are related in terms of source. Tip run-off is an additional significant source of Cu, Cd and Zn entering the main stream, particularly in prolonged heavy rain conditions. The site is listed on the MINING WASTE DIRECTIVE INVENTORY since the wastes cause more than 500 metres of the river to be polluted. <br /> <br /> Most of the mine site is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) since the high metal concentrations in the soil support specialised flora of rare mosses and liverworts. This is one of two<br /> sites in the world where the Cornish path-moss occurs. The Caradon Mining District is part of the CORNISH MINING WORLD HERITAGE site.<br /> <br /> The Environment Agency are working with the Coal Authority to develop remedial options to address the pollution and return the river to good status.<br /> <br /> Impact of the Jopes Adit discharge<br />  Length of watercourse affected = 17km<br />  Average metal concentration: Zinc = 510ug/l; Copper = 1180ug/l; Cadmium = 1.5ug/l<br />  Average flow = 56 l/sec<br />  Load of Zinc discharged per day = 2.5kg<br />  Load of Copper discharged per day = 5.8kg<br />  Water body ecological status = Poor<br /> <br /> Benefits of remediation<br />  The River Seaton will be protected from a major pollution source<br />  Contribute towards achieving Good Ecological and Chemical status<br />  912 kg of Zinc and 2,100 kg of Copper would be prevented from entering R Seaton every year<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

Embellamy https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study:Carnon_River:_Abandoned_Metal_Mines&diff=25471 2014-08-08T09:05:12Z

<p>Embellamy: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Case study status<br /> |Approval status=Draft<br /> }}<br /> {{Location}}<br /> {{Project overview<br /> |Status=In progress<br /> |Themes=Environmental flows and water resources, Habitat and biodiversity, Monitoring, Water quality<br /> |Country=England<br /> |Main contact forename=Hugh<br /> |Main contact surname=Potter<br /> |Contact organisation=Environment Agency<br /> |Partner organisations=The Coal Authority (UK),<br /> |Multi-site=No<br /> |Project summary=The Carnon River catchment is located in a region of Cornwall historically renowned for tin and copper mining activities. It flows through an area once described as ‘the richest square mile anywhere on<br /> earth’. Mining in the catchment started with simple tin streaming to exploit the alluvial tin deposits along the river. Before long the area became one of the most heavily mined, with deep workings across the region exploring the rich mineral lodes for tin, copper, arsenic, silver and lead. Some of the workings associated with Wheal Jane and Mount Wellington mines were extended underneath the river itself at a very shallow depth – just a few metres below the surface.<br /> <br /> The entire length of the river is impacted by historic mining, as are both major tributaries, with numerous individual sources. The headwaters around Chacewater contain several historic mining and processing sites, notably Wheal Daniell. Further downstream at Twelveheads, the St Day Stream joins, carrying drainage from the Wheal Maid mine and tailings dam as well as other mineworkings in the Poldice Valley. Below Twelveheads, the County Adit discharges into the Carnon. This is not associated with one particular mine, rather it drains a huge heavily mined area to the west of the river. Estimates suggest<br /> County Adit is made up of a network of tunnels totalling approximately 38 miles in length, draining over 100 individual mines. Recent data suggest County Adit contributes 70-80% of downstream loadings of<br /> cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc, and effectively 100% of arsenic and iron. The average annual loads from the adit are:<br />  Cd 20 kg<br />  Ni 570 kg<br />  As 1,500 kg<br /> Cu 1,600 kg<br />  Zn 13,700 kg<br />  Fe 80,000 kg<br /> <br /> There are large areas of mine spoil along the river valley sides which are almost certainly causing diffuse impacts in wet weather. Further downstream, the biggest tributary, the Hicks Mill Stream, enters the main Carnon. This drains a very heavily mined area on the outskirts of Redruth and contributes 20-25% of loadings of cadmium, copper and zinc. Also here at Bissoe is the Wheal Jane mine site and tailings dam. Wheal Jane was the last operating mine in the area, but when it finally closed in 1991, the dewatering pumps were<br /> removed and the workings flooded. In January 1992 a massive uncontrolled release of highly acidic minewater occurred through the Nangiles adit portal. This became one of the most notorious pollution incidents in South West history with a large area of the Fal Estuary stained bright orange by the resultant plume. Although the effect was determined to be short-term, options for long term treatment of the Wheal Jane minewaters needed to be explored. Passive treatment was trialled but ultimately found to be inadequate and since 2000, a full scale treatment plant has operated at the mine site, discharging treated minewater into the Carnon via the Clemmows Stream.<br /> <br /> WFD Compliance<br /> The whole river length from headwaters to tidal limit is non-compliant with Water Framework Directive Standards to varying degrees for cadmium, nickel, arsenic, copper, zinc and iron. The WFD monitoring site at Bissoe is below all the main impacts and most recent mean levels here are:<br />  Cd 1.72ug/l (EQS = 0.09)<br />  Ni 35ug/l (EQS = 20)<br />  As 80ug/l (EQS = 50)<br />  Cu 123ug/l (EQS = 6)<br />  Zn 1054ug/l (EQS = 50)<br />  Fe 2578ug/l (EQS = 1,000)<br /> <br /> All of these are non-compliant, but cadmium, copper and zinc are all approximately 20 times the standards for good status. Invertebrate surveys here have also exhibited ‘poor’ or ‘bad’ status. The river is effectively dead in terms of ecology.<br /> <br /> Remediation<br /> Treatment and management of the Wheal Jane minewaters will continue under the Coal Authority. But because of the extent, number and nature of other impacts within the catchment, it is possible that any<br /> other remediation or treatment may be deemed technically and/or financially unfeasible.<br /> }}<br /> {{Image gallery}}<br /> {{Image gallery end}}<br /> {{Toggle button}}<br /> {{Toggle content start}}<br /> {{Case study subcatchment}}<br /> {{Site}}<br /> {{Project background}}<br /> {{Motivations}}<br /> {{Measures}}<br /> {{Hydromorphological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Biological quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Physico-chemical quality elements header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Other responses header}}<br /> {{End table}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents}}<br /> {{Monitoring documents end}}<br /> {{Additional Documents}}<br /> {{Additional Documents end}}<br /> {{Additional links and references header}}<br /> {{Additional links and references footer}}<br /> {{Supplementary Information}}<br /> {{Toggle content end}}</div>

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